Fig. 1.
Characterization of the bioink and 3D-bioprinted scaffolds. (A) Viscosity as a function of shear rate at 20 °C. (B) Viscosity as a function of temperature. (C) Effects of temperature on the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″). (D) Compressive stress-strain curves. (E) Elasticity modulus. (F) Cumulative release of BMP-4 from MSNs at different times. (G) 3D bioprinting process (Tsyringe means the temperature of the syringe barrel). (H, I) Top and side views of the 3D-bioprinted scaffold (*P < 0.05).