3-MA	3-methyladenine
AD	Alzheimer disease
adFNDI	autosomal-dominant familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus
ADSCs	Adipose tissue-derived stem cells
ADT2DM	advanced duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus
ALK	activin receptor-like kinase
AMPK	5′ adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase
ATF6	activating transcription factor-6
ATG	AuTophaGy related proteins
Atg7	autophagy-related gene 7
Bcl2	B-cell lymphoma 2
BUN	blood urea nitrogen
CAT	catalase
CNS	central nervous system
CTGF	connective tissue growth factor
DDIT3	DNA-damage inducible transcript 3
DM	Diabetes mellitus
DN	diabetic neuropathy
DRP1	Dynamin‐related protein 1
ECM	extracellular matrix
EGFR/MAPK	epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen activated protein kinase
EIF2AK3	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α kinase 3
EMT	epithelial mesenchymal transition
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
ERN1/Ire1α	endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1/inositol requiring enzyme-1α
Ex-4	exendin-4
FADD	Fas-associated death domain protein
FGF21	fibroblast growth factor 21
FPI	fasting blood insulin
FIP200	family interacting protein of 200 Kd
FN	fibronectin
GABA	γ-aminobutyric acid
GABARAPL1	GABA A receptor-associated protein like 1
GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide-1
GLP-1R	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
GLUT 4	glucose transporter 4
GS	glycine-serine-rich
GSH-Px	glutathione peroxidase
GSK3	Glycogen synthase kinase 3
GTP	guanosine triphosphatases
hIAPP	human islet amyloid polypeptide
HIF1α	hypoxia inducible factor 1-α
HIHG	high insulin/glucose
HSC	hepatic stellate cell
GDM	gestational diabetes mellitus
iAs	Inorganic arsenic
IR	insulin receptor
pIRE1	IRE1 phosphorylation
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LC3	light chain 3
LTBP-1	latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein -1
LAMP-2	lysosome associated membrane protein2
LC3	1A/1B-light chain 3
LCIIIB	light chain IIIB
MHC	major histocompatibility complex
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MC	Momordica charantia, MDA, malondialdehyde
MFN2	Mitofusin-2
MIN6	mouse INsulinoma 6
MMC	mouse mesangial cells
MMP9	matrix metalloproteinase 9
mRNA	messenger ribonucleic acid
mTOR	mTORC2, rapamycin complex 2
mammalian target of rapamycin
NAC	N‐acetylcysteine
NAFLD	nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
ND	non-diabetic
NF-kB	nuclear factor kappa-B light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NDT2DM	newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus
NO	nitric oxide
NOD	nonobese diabetic
NPC1L1	Niemann-Pick C1-like
OLETF	Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty
PEG-sTNF-RI	pegylated soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1
PPARγ	peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ
PBMCs	peripheral blood mononuclear cells
PKA	protein kinase A
pGDM	prior history of gestational diabetes mellitus
PERK	endoplasmic reticulum kinase
PI3P	phosphatidyl inositol-3 phosphate, Rab, Ras-associated binding
RT-FQ-PCR	real time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis ROS, reactive oxygen species
rpWAT	retroperitoneal white adipose tissues
scWAT	subcutaneous white adipose tissues
SCr	serum creatinine
SNARE	SolubleN-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptor; reactive oxygen species
SOD	superoxide dismutase
STZ	Streptozotocin
SRX	sulfiredoxin
T2DM	type 2 diabetes mellitus
TAK1	beta-activated kinase 1
TEM	transmission electron microscopy
TGF-β	transforming growth factor β
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
TGN	trans-Golgi network
TRAF6	Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6
TUDCA	tauroursodeoxycholic acid
ULK1	Unc-51-like kinase 1
UP	urine protein
UPR	unfolded protein response
UUO	unilateral ureteral obstruction
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
Vps34	Vacuolar Protein Sorting Protein 34. WIPI, WD-repeat protein interacting with phosphoinositides.