Table 2.

Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) of risk factors for preeclampsia.

	OR	CI95%	Adjusted OR	CI95%
Cases = 215; Controls = 265
Maternal age
≤20 years	1.47	0.73–2.95	0.18	0.05–6.36
21–34 years	Reference
≥35 years	1.62	1.02–2.58	4.57	0.94–22.06
Maternal age
<20 and >34 years	1.58	1.05–2.37
20–34 years	Reference
Pregestational maternal body mass index
≤18.5 kg/m2	1.32	0.44–3.91	2.39	0.20–28.36
18.6–24 kg/m2	Reference
25–29.9 kg/m2	2.16	1.40–3.34	2.37	0.79–7.10
≥30 kg/m2	4.81	2.32–10.00	21.0	1.90–232.58
Weight gain during pregnancy
≤9 kg	2.34	1.37–4.00	3.14	0.65–15.05
10–11.9 kg	Reference
≥12 kg	1.40	0.92–2.13	3.67	1.04–12.86
Socioeconomic index
Low	5.47	0.65–46.13	2.29	0.12–41.42
Middle	4.21	0.49–35.64	3.84	0.19–74.85
High	Reference
Working during pregnancy
Yes	1.15	0.79–1.68
No	Reference
MA ≥35, PA ≥35
Yes	1.35	1.03–1.76	0.45	0.07–2.93
No	Reference
Nulliparity
Yes	1.59	1.11–2.29	3.83	0.72–20.40
No	Reference
Primigravida
Yes	1.27	0.88–1.84
No	Reference
Primipaternity
Yes	1.08	0.75–1.56
No	Reference
Age of menarche ≥12 years
Yes	1.70	1.18–2.46	1.31	0.44–3.90
No	Reference
Previous abortions
Yes	1.45	0.90–2.33	0.88	0.24–3.14
No	Reference
Smoking during pregnancy
Yes	0.96	0.58–1.59
No	Reference
Urinary tract infection
Yes	1.05	0.71–1.55
No	Reference
Asma
Yes	0.92	0.31–2.69
No	Reference
Allergic rhinitis
Yes	0.73	0.26–2.04
No	Reference
Anemia
Yes	5.00	0.55–45.11
No	Reference
Polycystic ovary
Yes	2.07	0.49–8.80
No	Reference
Migraine
Yes	1.33	0.65–2.71
No	Reference
Atopic dermatitis
Yes	0.61	0.11–3.37
No	Reference
History of previous preeclampsia
Yes	6.58	2.89–14.97	30.78	2.65–356.73
No	Reference
History of previous IUGR-SGA
Yes	4.54	1.85–11.13	11.10	1.60–76.76
No	Reference
Single/divorced/separated/widowed/other
Yes	1.06	0.65–1.73
No	Reference
Maternal education less than high school
Yes	1.78	0.99–3.18	2.47	0.30–20.03
No	Reference
Time of sexual cohabitation before conception <6 months
Yes	1.26	0.68–2.35
No	Reference
Intergenesic period ≤2 years
Yes	1.56	0.89–2.73	2.23	0.67–7.40
No	Reference
Family history of pre-eclampsia
Yes	1.51	0.97–2.37	0.91	0.20–4.12
No	Reference
Family history of IUGR-SGA
Yes	1.09	0.53–2.24
No	Reference
Family history of cardiovascular disease
Yes	1.20	0.74–1.96
No	Reference
Family history of abortions
Yes	1.98	1.09–3.60	0.96	0.17–5.15
No	Reference
Family history of stillbirth
Yes	1.48	0.65–3.38
No	Reference
Family history of preterm birth
Yes	1.27	0.76–2.12
No	Reference
Family history of diabetes
Yes	1.68	1.12–2.52	3.41	1.09–10.67
No	Reference
Family history of cancer
Yes	0.75	0.47–1.20
No	Reference
Antenatal care visits
0-3	2.24	1.13–4.41	0.83	0.12–5.37
4-8	Reference
>8	0.93	0.61–1.41	0.48	0.15–1.54
Altered uterine artery doppler
Yes	1
No	Reference
Paternal age
≤20	1.26	0.39–4.00
21-34	Reference
35-44	1.12	0.74–1.71
≥45	0.81	0.37–1.80
Prenatal vitamins
Yes	0.22	0.06–0.78	0.22	0.06–0.79
No∗	Reference

MA: maternal age; PA: paternal age; IUGR-SGA: intrauterine growth restriction-small for gestational age.

^∗Reference group: women who did not take any micronutrients.