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. 2020 Sep 15;10:1701. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01701

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Copyright © 2020 Fialová, Koucký, Hajdušková, Hladíková and Špíšek.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Processes of carcinogenesis in human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative and HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Tobacco- and alcohol-related mutagens induce widespread mutagenesis in the cells that form the stratified squamous cell epithelium of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the nasal cavity (NC), oral cavity (OC), nasopharynx (N), oropharynx (OP), hypopharynx (HP), and larynx (L). HPV preferentially infects the basal cell layer of the reticulated epithelium of the tonsillar crypts, thus promoting the malignant transformation of epithelial cells within the oropharyngeal region (OP).