Figure 1. CONSORT Flow Diagram.

CMT indicates consistent meal timing group; TRE, time-restricted eating group. CONSORT flow diagram describing process of participant recruitment, enrollment, randomization, and data analysis. Participants were excluded from participating if they (1) were older than 64 years (n = 5), (2) had a body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) less than 27 (n = 348) or greater than 43 (n = 72), (3) did not regularly consume breakfast (n = 566), (4) were unwilling or unable to skip breakfast (n = 761), (5) had a current or past cancer diagnosis (n = 21), (6) were breastfeeding, pregnant, or planned to be pregnant within 6 months (n = 21), (7) had current diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 177), (8) were taking glucose-lowering drugs (n = 133) or weight loss pills (n = 116), (9) had a history of gastric bypass or any weight-loss surgery (n = 66), (10) had a weight fluctuation of more than 15% in past 5 years (n = 467), (11) had a history of anorexia or bulimia (n = 39), (12) frequently traveled across time zones (n = 99) or worked unusual work hours (n = 182), or (13) were unable to fast for prolonged periods (n = 168).