Table 3. Body Composition and Energy Expenditure Measurements in the In-Person Cohorta.
| In-person cohort | CMT | ∆CMT | ∆CMT P value | TRE | ∆TRE | ∆TRE P value | Difference between groups | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preintervention (n = 25) | Postintervention (n = 24) | Preintervention (n = 25) | Postintervention (n = 22) | |||||||
| Weight, kgb | 93.0 (87.4 to 98.5) | 92.4 (86.9 to 97.9) | −0.57 (−1.40 to 0.26) | .18 | 92.6 (87.0 to 98.1) | 90.9 (85.3 to 96.4) | −1.70 (−2.56 to −0.83) | <.001b | −1.13 (−2.33 to 0.07) | .07 |
| Weight change, % | −0.65 (−1.64 to 0.34) | .19 | −1.81 (−2.85 to −0.78) | <.001b | −1.16 (−2.59 to 0.27) | .11 | ||||
| Fat mass, kgb | 30.7 (27.7 to 33.7) | 30.6 (27.6 to 33.6) | −0.03 (−0.66 to 0.60) | .93 | 30.3 (27.3 to 33.3) | 29.8 (26.8 to 32.8) | −0.51 (−1.17 to 0.15) | .13 | −0.48 (−1.75 to 0.79) | .3 |
| Fat mass, % | 33.0 (30.4 to 35.7) | 32.9 (30.3 to 35.6) | −0.07 (−0.55 to 0.42) | .78 | 32.9 (30.3 to 35.6) | 32.8 (30.2 to 35.5) | −0.09 (−0.59 to 0.42) | .74 | −0.02 (−0.72 to 0.68) | .96 |
| Visceral fat mass, kg | 0.625 (0.529 to 0.721) | 0.634 (0.537 to 0.730) | 0.0088 (−0.0188 to 0.0364) | .53 | 0.58 (0.48 to 0.67) | 0.576 (0.480 to 0.673) | −0.0026 (−0.0314 to 0.0263) | .86 | −0.0114 (−0.0513 to 0.0285) | .58 |
| Subcutaneous fat mass, kg | 1.95 (1.74 to 2.17) | 1.94 (1.72 to 2.16) | −0.013 (−0.066 to 0.040) | .63 | 1.87 (1.66 to 2.09) | 1.84 (1.62 to 2.06) | −0.038 (−0.093 to 0.017) | .17 | −0.025 (−0.101 to 0.051) | .51 |
| Lean mass, kgb | 59.7 (55.3 to 64.1) | 59.3 (55.0 to 63.7) | −0.35 (−0.95 to 0.25) | .25 | 60.0 (55.6 to 64.4) | 58.9 (54.5 to 63.3) | −1.10 (−1.73 to −0.48) | <.001b | −0.75 (−1.96 to 0.45) | .09 |
| Trunk lean mass, kg | 30.5 (28.3 to 32.6) | 30.3 (28.2 to 32.5) | −0.15 (−0.54 to 0.24) | .45 | 30.4 (28.3 to 32.6) | 30.0 (27.8 to 32.1) | −0.47 (−0.88 to −0.06) | .024c | −0.32 (−0.89 to 0.25) | .27 |
| Appendicular lean mass, kg | 25.8 (23.6 to 28.0) | 25.6 (23.4 to 27.8) | −0.17 (−0.41 to 0.07) | .16 | 26.1 (24.0 to 28.3) | 25.5 (23.3 to 27.7) | −0.64 (−0.89 to −0.39) | <.001b | −0.47 (−0.82 to −0.12) | .009 |
| Appendicular lean mass index, kg/m2 | 8.62 (8.10 to 9.14) | 8.56 (8.04 to 9.08) | −0.058 (−0.136 to 0.020) | .14 | 8.80 (8.28 to 9.32) | 8.58 (8.06 to 9.10) | −0.220 (−0.301 to −0.139) | <.001b | −0.162 (−0.274 to −0.050) | .005 |
| Total body water, kgc | 42.7 (39.6 to 45.8) | 42.1 (39.0 to 45.2) | −0.59 (−1.06 to −0.13) | .01 | 41.9 (38.6 to 45.1) | 41.5 (38.3 to 44.7) | −0.36 (−0.85 to 0.13) | .14 | 0.23 (−0.44 to 0.91) | .5 |
| Bone mineral content, g | 2541.9 (2388.3 to 2695.5) | 2546.9 (2393.3 to 2700.5) | 5.00 (−8.33 to 18.33) | .46 | 2511.3 (2357.7 to 2664.9) | 2523.2 (2369.6 to 2676.9) | 11.95 (−1.97 to 25.87) | .09 | 6.95 (−12.32 to 26.23) | .48 |
| Circumference, cm | ||||||||||
| Waist | 106.6 (102.3 to 110.8) | 105.9 (101.6 to 110.2) | −0.69 (−4.28 to 2.90) | .71 | 106.3 (102.1 to 110.5) | 104.5 (100.1 to 108.9) | −1.81 (−5.53 to 1.92) | .34 | −1.12 (−6.29 to 4.05) | .67 |
| Hip | 109.5 (106.2 to 112.8) | 109.5 (106.2 to 112.8) | 0.01 (−2.16 to 2.18) | .99 | 111.5 (108.2 to 114.7) | 110.2 (106.8 to 113.6) | −1.28 (−3.53 to 0.98) | .27 | −1.29 (−4.42 to 1.85) | .42 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.980 (0.957 to 1.004) | 0.970 (0.946 to 0.994) | −0.0107 (−0.0287 to 0.0074) | .25 | 0.953 (0.929 to 0.977) | 0.948 (0.924 to 0.973) | −0.0047 (−0.0234 to 0.0140) | .62 | 0.0060 (−0.0200 to 0.0320) | .65 |
| Circumference, cm | ||||||||||
| Bicep | 35.4 (34.4 to 36.4) | 35.3 (34.3 to 36.4) | −0.04 (−0.46 to 0.38) | .86 | 35.6 (34.6 to 36.6) | 35.3 (34.2 to 36.3) | −0.30 (−0.74 to 0.14) | .19 | −0.26 (−0.87 to 0.35) | .41 |
| Thigh | 57.5 (55.9 to 59.2) | 57.8 (56.2 to 59.5) | 0.27 (−0.37 to 0.90) | .41 | 57.7 (56.1 to 59.4) | 57.6 (55.9 to 59.2) | −0.16 (−0.82 to 0.51) | .64 | −0.42 (−1.35 to 0.50) | .37 |
| Handgrip strength, kg | 30.8 (26.8 to 34.8) | 31.1 (27.1 to 35.1) | 0.31 (−1.21 to 1.83) | .69 | 28.3 (24.3 to 32.3) | 28.8 (24.8 to 32.8) | 0.49 (−1.09 to 2.08) | .54 | 0.18 (−2.02 to 2.38) | .87 |
| Leg extension peak torque, ft-lb | 109.3 (97.1 to 121.4) | 100.9 (88.5 to 113.3) | −8.39 (−17.60 to 0.81) | .07 | 105.8 (93.6 to 117.9) | 105.9 (93.4 to 118.4) | 0.15 (−9.24 to 9.53) | .98 | 8.54 (−4.60 to 21.69) | .20 |
| Respiratory quotient | 0.741 (0.717 to 0.765) | 0.776 (0.752 to 0.801) | 0.0348 (0.0119 to 0.0577) | .003 | 0.765 (0.741 to 0.789) | 0.767 (0.742 to 0.792) | 0.0028 (−0.0209 to 0.0265) | .82 | −0.0320 (−0.0649 to 0.0009) | .06 |
| Resting metabolic rate, kcal/db | 1909.7 (1781.2 to 2038.2) | 1866.6 (1737.6 to 1995.6) | −43.1 (−104.2 to 18.0) | .17 | 1920.4 (1791.9 to 2048.9) | 1892.3 (1762.0 to 2022.5) | −28.1 (−91.8 to 35.5) | .39 | 15.0 (−108.1 to 138.0) | .74 |
| Total energy expenditure, kcal/db,c | 2772.1 (2563.4 to 2980.7) | 2644.7 (2436.1 to 2853.4) | −127.3 (−230.7 to −23.9) | .02 | 2718.3 (2500.4 to 2936.3) | 2540.5 (2322.6 to 2758.4) | −177.9 (−285.9 to −69.9) | .001 | −50.6 (−259.2 to 158.1) | .51 |
Abbreviations: CMT, consistent meal timing group; TRE, time-restricted eating group.
a
All data are presented as means (95% CI). For secondary outcome measures, Bonferroni-corrected confidence intervals are presented and Bonferroni-adjusted critical α of 0.006 is used. For data with statistical outliers, Winsorised data was used to generate P values.
b
Secondary outcome using a Bonferroni-corrected α of 0.006 and presenting 99.7% CI for between group differences.
c
Data analyzed only for completers (CMT n = 24, TRE n = 22).