Table 1.
Participants’ background characteristics (n = 135).
| Background characteristic | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Female | 60 | 44.4 |
| Male | 75 | 55.6 |
| Education | ||
| 0–6 years | 61 | 45.5 |
| 7–12 years | 49 | 36.6 |
| >12 years | 24 | 17.9 |
| Employment status | ||
| Retired/ housewife | 106 | 78.5 |
| Employed | 12 | 8.9 |
| Unemployed | 17 | 12.6 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 98 | 73.1 |
| Widowed | 25 | 18.7 |
| Divorced/ single | 11 | 8.2 |
| Income | ||
| <400 euros | 40 | 30.5 |
| 400–800 euros | 51 | 38.9 |
| >800 euros | 40 | 30.5 |
| Physical activity | ||
| Sedentary lifestyle | 28 | 21.4 |
| <30 min, 3 times per week | 54 | 41.2 |
| ≥30 min, 3 times per week | 49 | 37.4 |
| Smoking | ||
| Yes | 32 | 23.7 |
| No | 103 | 76.3 |
| Family history of T2D in 1st degree relatives | ||
| Yes | 109 | 82.6 |
| No | 23 | 17.4 |
| Type of regimen | ||
| Non-insulin antidiabetic medications | 115 | 85.2 |
| Non-insulin antidiabetic medications plus insulin | 15 | 11.1 |
| Insulin only | 5 | 3.7 |
| Use of antidepressants | ||
| Yes | 16 | 11.9 |
| No | 119 | 88.1 |
| Use of benzodiazepines | ||
| Yes | 20 | 14.9 |
| No | 115 | 85.1 |
| Presence of macro-vascular complications | ||
| Yes | 49 | 36.3 |
| No | 86 | 63.7 |
| Presence of micro-vascular complications | ||
| Yes | 67 | 49.6 |
| No | 68 | 50.4 |
| Coronary artery disease | ||
| Yes | 30 | 22.2 |
| No | 105 | 77.8 |
| Stroke/TIA | ||
| Yes | 11 | 8.1 |
| No | 124 | 91.9 |
| Carotid artery disease | ||
| Yes | 20 | 14.9 |
| No | 114 | 85.1 |
| Lower extremity artery disease | ||
| Yes | 17 | 12.6 |
| No | 118 | 87.4 |
| Retinopathy | ||
| Yes | 12 | 8.9 |
| No | 123 | 91.1 |
| Neuropathy | ||
| Yes | 41 | 30.4 |
| No | 94 | 69.6 |
| Nephropathy | ||
| Yes | 31 | 24.0 |
| No | 98 | 76.0 |
| Hypertension | ||
| Yes | 108 | 80.0 |
| No | 27 | 20.0 |
| Dyslipidaemia | ||
| Yes | 129 | 96.3 |
| No | 5 | 3.7 |
| Heart failure | ||
| Yes | 19 | 14.3 |
| No | 114 | 85.7 |
| Atrial fibrillation | ||
| Yes | 12 | 9.0 |
| No | 122 | 91.0 |
| Body mass index | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 8 | 6.0 |
| 25–29.9 | 50 | 37.3 |
| ≥30 | 65 | 48.5 |
| ≥40 | 11 | 8.2 |
| Waist circumference | ||
| F <88cm/ M <102cm | 13 | 9.7 |
| F ≥88cm/ M ≥102cm | 121 | 90.3 |
| HbA1c | ||
| <7% | 81 | 61.8 |
| ≥7% | 50 | 38.2 |
T2D: type 2 diabetes mellitus, F: Female, M: Male, HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin, TIA: transient ischaemic attack.