Table 2.

Summary of immunopreventive agents

Agent	Target	Cancer preventive effect	References
HPV vaccine	Cervarix, a bivalent vaccine, targets HPV 16/18 Gardasil, a quadrivalent vaccine, targets HPV 6/11/16/18 Gardasil 9, a 9-valent vaccine, targets 9 types of HPV	Prevents HPV-related cancers, including cervical, anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancer	38, 43-43
HBV vaccine	HBV	Prevents HBV-related liver cancer	44-49
MUC1 vaccine	MUC1 antigen	MUC1 vaccine produced strong immune response in patients with intestinal polyps and in individuals at high risk for colon cancer in Human clinical trials	54-57
HER2 vaccine	HER2 antigen	Human clinical trials showed DCIS remission, long-term production of Her2 antibodies, and lost expression of Her2	58, 59
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CLTA-4, PD-1, PD-L1 antibody)	Immune checkpoint proteins (CLTA-4, PD-1, PD-L1)	Preclinical mouse models showed anti-PD-1 treatment significantly prevented malignant progression of oral premalignant lesions	64-68
		A case report showed anti-PD-1 inhibited the development of new neoplasm in a Lynch syndrome patient	37

HPV, human papillomavirus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; DCIS, ductal carcinoma in situ; CLTA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1; PD-L1, programmed death ligand-1.