Table 2.
Metabolic, respiratory, heart rate, perceptual, and physical performance response.
| Variable | KS1 | KS2 | PLA | p value | η2p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean VO2 (L/min) | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 0.706 | 0.029 |
| Mean VCO2 (L/min) | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 0.336 | 0.087 |
| RER | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 0.96 ± 0.03 | 0.95 ± 0.04 | 0.172 | 0.136 |
| Mean VO2 (ml/kg/min) | 49.0 ± 6.3 | 48.2 ± 4.7 | 48.4 ± 5.6 | 0.571 | 0.046 |
| VE (L/min) | 106.2 ± 21.4 | 102.8 ± 19.3 | 99.8 ± 28.8 | 0.570 | 0.046 |
| RR (bpm) | 42.7 ± 6.5 | 42.1 ± 6.9 | 43.7 ± 6.7 | 0.155 | 0.144 |
| Mean carbohydrate oxidation (g/min) | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 0.191 | 0.129 |
| Mean fat oxidation (g/min) | 0.20 ± 0.12 | 0.25 ± 0.15 | 0.29 ± 0.23 | 0.316 | 0.092 |
| Heart rate (b/min) | 176.0 ± 8.3 | 176.8 ± 7.9 | 175.2 ± 9.3 | 0.575 | 0.045 |
| Affect | 0.6 ± 2.1 | 0.4 ± 2.1 | 0.7 ± 2.2 | 0.587 | 0.043 |
| RPE-C | 4.8 ± 1.9 | 4.9 ± 2.2 | 5.0 ± 2.0 | 0.524 | 0.052 |
| RPE-L | 5.4 ± 2.0 | 5.0 ± 2.3 | 5.4 ± 1.9 | 0.315 | 0.092 |
| RPE-O | 5.2 ± 1.9 | 5.0 ± 2.1 | 5.3 ± 2.0 | 0.390 | 0.075 |
| Session RPE | 6.2 ± 1.7 | 6.5 ± 1.8 | 6.8 ± 2.1 | 0.141 | 0.151 |
| Session affect | 0.5 ± 2.3 | − 0.8 ± 2.9 | − 0.1 ± 2.7 | 0.088 | 0.183 |
| Time (s) | 1289.0 ± 104.9 | 1307.3 ± 98.8 | 1291.1 ± 77.1 | 0.386 | 0.076 |
Gas exchange, respiratory rate (RR), calculated oxidation rates, heart rate (HR), affect, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and time to completion data during 5-km time trail (5-km TT; n = 13). Values are Mean ± SD. One Dose Beta Hydroxybutyrate Salt and Medium Chain Triglycerides, KS1; Double Dose Beta Hydroxybutyrate Salt and Medium Chain Triglycerides, KS2; Flavored Matched Control, PLA; oxygen consumption, VO2; carbon dioxide production, VCO2; heart rate, HR; respiratory exchange ratio, RER; ventilation, VE; respiratory rate, RR; rate of perceived exertion, RPE; rate of perceived exertion for overall body, RPE-O; rate of perceived exertion for chest, RPE-C; rate of perceived exertion for leg RPE-L. Italicized: Did not correct for ketone oxidation (Frayn et al. 1980s; Cox et al.)