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. 2020 Sep 25;11:417. doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-01919-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Optical mapping with di-2-ANEPEQ confirms hESC-CM grafts can act as an ectopic pacemaker. A cryoinjured heart with GCaMP3+ H7 hESC-CM graft was imaged under spontaneous conditions (no external pacing), and the graft was found to pace host myocardium. a Still image showing the epicardial surface of the heart on the di-2-ANEPEQ channel with the boundaries of cryoinjury scar and graft indicated by white and yellow dotted lines, respectively. Base of the heart to the upper left, apex to lower right. b di-2-ANEPEQ fluorescent signals and ECG trace for this heart with the timing of the ectopic graft-paced beat depicted in panel c indicated by the black arrowhead. c Activation map for a representative graft-paced beat, showing the earliest activating area (blue) starts in the coupled graft footprint, then propagates outward towards the LV base and apex (white to red). d Activation map for a representative host-paced beat, with earliest activation (blue) initiating at the LV apex, then propagating towards the LV base and finally back apically to activate the graft (white to red). Note the slower kinetics of the graft-paced versus host-paced beat. Also, note that both activation maps represent information from a single beat