Table 1.
Summary of study characteristics (n=3)
| Study characteristics | Study | ||
| Chinnadurai et al40 | Jang et al41 | Paik et al42 | |
| Country | UK | South Korea | USA |
| Median follow-up | 5.4 years | 6.5 years | 19.2 years |
| Years | Liver USS (01 January 2000–31 December 2014), end of analysis period 31 December 2015 | January 2003–December 2013 | Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III) 1988–1994 |
| Linked mortality files up to 2011 or date of death | |||
| Population source | Salford Kidney Study | Individuals who had health screening at the Samsung Medical Centre, South Korea | NHANES-III & linked mortality database |
| Study size | 852 patients with CKD | 1 525 patients with CKD | 1413 patients with CKD |
| (11 695 adults overall: (i) CKD+NAFLD+ 2.6%, (ii) CKD+NAFLD− 6.8%, (iii) CKD−NAFLD+ 16.1%, (iv) CKD−NAFLD− 74.6%) | |||
| Demographics | Mean age 66 years, males 60.7%, mean BMI 28, DM 34%, HTN 78%, hyperlipidaemia 49%, median eGFR 33.5 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Mean age 61 years, males 69.8%, mean BMI 25, DM 24%, HTN 60%, hyperlipidaemia 41%, median eGFR 59.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 | CKD with NAFLD: mean age 54 years, males 45.6%, obesity 52.2%, DM 43.2%, HTN 77.4%, hyperlipidaemia 86.9% |
| CKD without NAFLD: mean age 53 years, males 36.1%, obesity 30.0%, DM 16.8%, HTN 66.4%, hyperlipidaemia 81.7% | |||
| NAFLD prevalence | 21% (183/852) | 41% (902/1525) | 29% (410/1413) |
| NAFLD definition | Liver USS | Liver USS | Liver USS (moderate/severe steatosis only) |
| CKD definition | eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or proteinuria ≥2+ | eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2±albuminuria |
| Covariate adjustments | Propensity matching (n=276) for: age, gender, BMI, SBP, DBP, baseline HTN, DM, hypercholesterolaemia, IHD, MI, CCF, CVA, PVD, malignancy, use of statin and renin–angiotensin blocking agents, eGFR | Stratified analyses according to predefined subgroups: age (<60 vs ≥60 years), gender, smoking (never/former vs current), alcohol (none vs moderate), BMI ≥25, HTN (SBP ≥140 mm Hg/DBP ≥90 mm Hg/use antihypertensives), DM (fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL/HbA1c≥6.5 %/use antidiabetic drugs), hyperlipidaemia (HDL <40 mg/dL men, <50 mg/dL women/TG ≥150 mg/dL/use lipid-lowering drugs) & baseline eGFR (<45 vs ≥45 mL/min/1.73 m2) | Age-adjustment based on the direct method to the Census 2000 population using the age groups 20–39, 40–59 and 60–74 |
| Groups adjusted for the following in multivariable analysis: age category, gender, race, current smoker and the metabolic syndrome | |||
BMI, body mass index; CCF, congestive cardiac failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HTN, hypertension; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; USS, ultrasound scan.