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. 2020 Sep 18;20(5):111. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.9239

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Ketamine increases the level of oxidative stress in aldh2 KO mice and aggravates pathological damage. (A) Effects of ketamine on parameters of oxidative stress in WT and KO mice at 4, 8 and 12 weeks as detected by ELISA. Negative control mice were treated with NS. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01. KO, knock-out; NS, normal saline; KHK, knock-out high-dose ketamine group; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH, glutathione-sulfhydryl; MDA, malondialdehyde; WHK, wild-type high-dose ketamine group; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; WT, wild-type; KNS, knock-out normal saline control group; WNS, wild-type normal saline control group; KLK, knock-out low-dose ketamine group; WLK, wild-type low-dose ketamine group; HK, high-dose ketamine; W, week; -, knock-out; +, wild-type. Ketamine increases the level of oxidative stress in aldh2 KO mice and aggravates pathological damage. (B) Representative hematoxylin and eosin staining images of bladder tissues from KO and WT mice in week 12. Magnification, x100 for the upper images; x400 for the lower images. (C) Representative immunohistochemical staining images of COX-2 and iNOS proteins in the bladder tissues of KO and WT mice in weeks 4 and 12. The cytoplasm and cell membranes exhibiting brown-yellow colors were considered as positive expression of the target protein, which were mainly confined to the bladder epithelium Magnification, x200. (D) Representative Masson trichrome staining images of bladder tissues of KO and WT mice in week 12. Collagen fibers stained green, muscle fibers stained red, and nucleus stained blue-brown. Magnification, x200. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean from ≥3 experimental repeats. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01. KO, knock-out; NS, normal saline; KHK, knock-out high-dose ketamine group; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH, glutathione-sulfhydryl; MDA, malondialdehyde; WHK, wild-type high-dose ketamine group; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; WT, wild-type; KNS, knock-out normal saline control group; WNS, wild-type normal saline control group; KLK, knock-out low-dose ketamine group; WLK, wild-type low-dose ketamine group; HK, high-dose ketamine; W, week; -, knock-out; +, wild-type.