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. 2020 Sep 18;20(5):111. doi: 10.3892/etm.2020.9239

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Ketamine treatment induces inflammation and fibrosis in KO mice. (A) Effects of ketamine on inflammation protein COX-2, iNOS and NF-κB levels in mice. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean from ≥3 experimental repeats. KO, knock-out; KHK, KO high-dose ketamine group; WHK, wild-type high-dose ketamine group; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; WT, wild-type; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; KNS, knock-out normal saline control group; WNS, wild-type normal saline control group; KLK, knock-out low-dose ketamine group; WLK, wild-type low-dose ketamine group; W, weeks; -, knock-out; +, wild-type; HK, high-dose ketamine. Ketamine treatment induces inflammation and fibrosis in KO mice. (B) mRNA expression levels of inflammatory proteins COX-2, iNOS and NF-κB in the mouse bladder tissues were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. (C) Western blotting and (D) reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were performed to measure the expression of α-SMA, TGF-β and fibronectin in mouse bladder tissues at week 12. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean from ≥3 experimental repeats. KO, knock-out; KHK, KO high-dose ketamine group; WHK, wild-type high-dose ketamine group; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; WT, wild-type; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; KNS, knock-out normal saline control group; WNS, wild-type normal saline control group; KLK, knock-out low-dose ketamine group; WLK, wild-type low-dose ketamine group; W, weeks; -, knock-out; +, wild-type; HK, high-dose ketamine.