Table 1.
Demographic profile of SAGE GHA W3 survey participants and subsample with valid urine data (urine data considered valid if volume ≥ 300 ml)
| Main SAGE cohort (n = 3053) | Salt sub study sample (n = 839) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| Years | 60 (20) | 60 (19) | 0.3294 |
| 18–49 years, n (%) | 717 (23.5) | 174 (20.7) | 0.0100 |
| 50 plus years, n (%) | 2336 (76.5) | 665 (79.3) | 0.4494 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.001 | ||
| Men | 1183 (38.8) | 371 (32.3) | |
| Women | 1870 (61.2) | 568 (67.7) | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Akan | 1544 (50.6) | 497 (59.2) | |
| Ewe | 216 (7.1) | 58 (6.9) | |
| Ga-Adangbe | 224 (7.3) | 45 (5.4) | |
| Gruma | 30 (1.0) | 6 (0.7) | |
| Grusi | 76 (2.5) | 12 (1.4) | |
| Guan | 38 (1.2) | 16 (1.9) | |
| Mande-Busanga | 63 (2.1) | 3 (0.4) | |
| Mole-Dagbon | 174 (5.7) | 24 (2.9) | |
| Other | 612 (20.0) | 174 (20.7) | |
| Residence, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Urban | 1301 (42.6) | 457 (54.5) | |
| Rural | 1752 (57.4) | 382 (45.5) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.002 | ||
| Never married | 208 (6.8) | 39 (4.6) | |
| Married/cohabiting | 1760 (57.7) | 470 (56.0) | |
| Separate/divorced | 369 (12.1) | 87 (10.4) | |
| Widowed | 715 (23.4) | 243 (29.0) | |
| Never been to school, n (%) | 1119 (36.7) | 240 (28.6) | < 0.0001 |
| Education (years) | 10 (5) | 10 (5) | 0.0139 |
| BMI kg/m2 | 24.2 (6.8) | 25.4 (7.4) | < 0.01 |
| Waist to height ratio | 0.54 (0.11) | 0.56 (0.13) | < 0.01 |
| Never used alcohol, n (%) | 1865 (61.3) | 483 (57.6) | 0.052 |
| Never used tobacco, n (%) | 2739 (90.0) | 759 (90.5) | 0.68 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 124 (26.5) | 126.5 (29) | < 0.01 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 76 (17) | 76.5 (17) | 0.83 |
| Mean Arterial Pressure (Map) mmHG | 92.5 (19.2) | 93.2 (20.7) | 0.24 |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 1132 (37.6) | 370 (44.3) | < 0.01 |
| Diabetes, n(%) | 157 (5.2) | 67 (8.0) | 0.01 |
| Portions of fruit, n(%) | 0.05 | ||
| Met WHO’s recommendation of at least 5 servings of friuts and vegetables | 1591 (57.4) | 442 (54.5) | 0.14 |
| Frequently add salt to food at table, n(%) | 642 (21.1) | 107 (12.7) | < 0.01 |
| Frequently add salt to food during cooking, n(%) | 2527 (83.0) | 672 (80.1) | 0.05 |
| Believe they consume too much salt, n(%) | 265 (8.8) | 92 (11.0) | 0.05 |
| Believe a high salt diet is bad for health, n(%) | 2247 (75.9) | 651 (80.0) | 0.02 |
| Regularly control of salt intake, n(%) | 1243 (42.1) | 394 (48.5) | < 0.01 |
Nested sub sample: all respondent with CAPI data and valid urine, sex and age recorded. Some variables may contain missing data. Data are presented as median (IRQ) unless otherwise indicated. Hypertensive by measured BP ≥ 140 and/or 90 mmHg or previous diagnosis (self-reported). Ethnicity, marital status, education, alcohol/tobacco use and diabetes prevalence by self-report. Mann-Whitney Test used to compare medians, Pearson Chi-Square test and Fisher’s Exact Test used to compare proportional data