Table 2.
Association between dietary flavonoids intake and all-cause mortality
| Flavonoids | Quintile of Intake | p for trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| Total Flavonoid | ||||||
| Mean intake (mg/d) | 212.19 | 431.24 | 589.64 | 758.54 | 1214.75 | |
| No. of deaths/person-year | 979/87,933 | 939/92,285 | 976/93,291 | 1053/93,331 | 1156/91,508 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 1.04 (0.96–1.14) | 1.19 (1.09–1.29) | < 0.001 |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b | 1 | 0.97 (0.89–1.07) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 1.08 (0.98–1.18) | 0.07 |
| Flavonols | ||||||
| Mean intake (mg/d) | 29.63 | 53.51 | 70.26 | 89.08 | 137.21 | |
| No. of deaths/person-year | 990/87,718 | 937/92,170 | 950/93,921 | 1078/92,928 | 1149/91,657 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 | 0.96 (0.88–1.00) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 1.15 (1.06–1.26) | < 0.001 |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b | 1 | 0.96 (0.87–1.04) | 0.94 (0.91–1.09) | 1.00 (0.90–1.07) | 1.06 (0.99–1.18) | 0.09 |
| Flavan-3-ol monomers | ||||||
| Mean intake (mg/d) | 160.18 | 347.89 | 486.03 | 627.77 | 1021.65 | |
| No. of deaths/person-year | 972/87,919 | 920/92,249 | 993/93,239 | 1054/93,522 | 1165/91,453 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 | 0.95 (0.87–1.00) | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | 1.19 (1.09–1.30) | < 0.001 |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b | 1 | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 0.05 |
| Flavanones | ||||||
| Mean intake (mg/d) | 0.84 | 3.13 | 5.85 | 10.00 | 27.79 | |
| No. of deaths/person-year | 1305/90,182 | 1061/92,107 | 955/92,838 | 919/90,834 | 863/92,511 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 0.82 (0.75–0.89) | 0.80 (0.73–0.87) | 0.73 (0.67–0.80) | < 0.001 |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b | 1 | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 0.83 (0.77–0.91) | 0.84 (0.77–0.92) | 0.81 (0.73–0.89) | < 0.001 |
| Flavones | ||||||
| Mean intake (mg/d) | 1.55 | 2.75 | 3.78 | 5.18 | 9.94 | |
| No. of deaths/person-year | 1272/87,823 | 1039/92,062 | 973/93,032 | 932/93,820 | 888/91,717 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 | 0.88 (0.82–0.96) | 0.87 (0.80–0.94) | 0.82 (0.76–0.89) | 0.77 (0.70–0.84) | < 0.001 |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b | 1 | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.90 (0.82–0.98) | 0.85 (0.78–0.94) | 0.83 (0.76–0.92) | < 0.001 |
| Isoflavnoids | ||||||
| Mean intake (mg/d) | 0.007 | 0.024 | 0.053 | 0.21 | 1.68 | |
| No. of deaths/person-year | 1255/89,134 | 1114/92,971 | 1011/93,204 | 876/92,648 | 848/90,486 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | 0.80 (0.73–0.87) | 0.81 (0.75–0.89) | < 0.001 |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b | 1 | 0.94 (0.87–1.04) | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.85 (0.78–0.93) | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | < 0.001 |
| Anthocianidins | ||||||
| Mean intake (mg/d) | 7.72 | 15.05 | 20.20 | 26.11 | 41.45 | |
| No. of deaths/person-year | 1049/87,580 | 929/92,598 | 980/93,136 | 1031/93,326 | 1124/91,781 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 | 0.91 (0.83–0.99) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) | 0.003 |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b | 1 | 0.93 (0.83–0.99) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 0.34 |
| Dihydrochalcones | ? | |||||
| Mean intake (mg/d) | 0.017 | 0.19 | 0.46 | 1.66 | ||
| No. of deaths/person-year | 2204/184,266 | 1026/90,601 | 1014/93,067 | 860/90,570 | ||
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) a | 1 | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | 0.92 (0.80–0.99) | 0.78 (0.72–0.84) | < 0.001 | |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) b | 1 | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) | 0.83 (0.77–0.90) | < 0.001 | |
aAge-adjusted model was adjusted for age (years)
b Multivariate-adjusted model was adjusted for gender; age (years); ethnicity (Turkmen, others); education (illiterate, ≤5 years, 6–8 years, high school, academic); marital status (married, not married); smoking (user, non-user); opium use (user, non-user); alcohol (user, non-user); BMI (continuous); hypertension (yes, no); occupational physical activity (sedentary, moderate activity, high activity), energy intake (continuous)