FIGURE 7.

Proof-of-concept clinical trial shows the feasibility of noninvasive in vivo retinal curcumin-amyloid deposit imaging in AD patients. (A) Representative images of curcumin fluorescence fundography, enabling detection of increased retinal curcumin spots in a living AD patient relative to minimal spots in a cognitively normal (CN) control subject; Regions of interest (ROI) in superotemporal (ST) retinas are demarcated by white rectangles. Scale bar: 400 μm. (A’) Higher magnification image of the ROI with red circles highlighting curcumin-amyloid deposits in peripheral region of AD retina. (A”) Representative postprocessing images used to quantify spot number and fluorescent area (μm²). (B,C) color-coded overlay images from CN (B) and AD (C) retinas with curcumin-positive amyloid deposits above threshold shown in red, spots above 1:1 reference but below threshold shown in green and spots below reference in blue. (D) Representative graph showing number of color-coded spots (described in B,C) in AD retina used to determine retinal amyloid index (RAI) score. (E) Comparison of RAI scores in AD patients (n = 6) and age-matched CN subjects (n = 5). Data shown as group mean ± SEM. **P < 0.005, unpaired 2-tailed Student’s t-test. Reproduced from Koronyo et al. (2017) with permission of ASCI via Copyright Clearance Center.