Table 1.
Summary of demographic, clinical, audiometric and auditory scene analysis task data for all participant groups
| Controls | PCAa | tAD | |
|---|---|---|---|
| General | |||
| n, male: female | 7:8 | 7:14 | 9:12 |
| Age, years | 63.36 (6.4) | 63.02 (9.5) | 65.03 (7.9) |
| Hearing loss, dB | 7.9 (7.7) | 17.0 (10.5) * | 13.6 (6.9) |
| Symptom duration, years | – | 3.65 (2.3) | 5.93 (2.5) |
| Background neuropsychology | |||
| MMSE (/30) | – | 18.48 (4.6) | 22.10 (4.2) |
| RMT Words (z-score)b | – | −2.15 (2.2) | −2.65 (1.9) |
| RMT Faces (z-score)c | – | −1.95 (2.3) | −2.28 (2.0) |
| Digit span forward (/12) | 8.40 (1.6) | 6.81 (1.9) | 7.48 (2.3) |
| Digit span reverse (/12) | 7.27 (1.3) | 3.14 (1.3) | 5.24 (2.8) |
| WASI Vocabulary (/72)d | 71.36 (4.4) | 54.47 (8.8)** | 57.00 (14.8) |
| Graded naming test (/30)d | 27.00 (3.3) | 13.90 (4.6) | 13.95 (9.0) |
| Graded difficulty arithmetic (/24)d | 15.55 (3.7) | 1.76 (3.2) | 6.33 (4.9) |
| Single word comprehension (z-score) | – | 0.23 (0.7) | −6.41 (7.7)*** |
| ASA tests | |||
| ASA segregationb | |||
| ASA segregation test (/20) | 19.07 (1.5) | 12.14 (3.0)**** | 15.45 (4.2) |
| Task requirement control test (/10) | 10.00 (0.01) | 8.95 (1.2) | 10.00 (0.0) |
| Perceptual cue control test (/10) | 9.67 (0.6) | 8.71 (1.4) | 9.35 (1.0) |
| ASA grouping | |||
| ASA grouping test (/20)c | 18.67 (1.2) | 11.05 (3.8) | 15.62 (3.8) |
| Task requirement control test (/10) | 9.93 (0.3) | 9.00 (0.8) | 10.0 (0.0) |
| Perceptual cue control test (/10) | 9.87 (0.4) | 7.90 (1.9) | 9.86 (0.5) |
Mean (SD) data are presented unless otherwise indicated; maximum scores for neuropsychological tests are indicated in parentheses. Bold indicates significantly lower than healthy controls, P < 0.001 unless otherwise specified (for z-scores, bold indicates average performance outside 95% of the area under normal distribution, i.e. ±1.96); italics indicate significantly lower than the typical Alzheimer’s disease (tAD) group, P ≤ 0.01 unless otherwise specified (statistical data including 95% CIs are presented in full in Supplementary Table 3). Certain cognitive functions were assessed using different tests in the PCA and typical Alzheimer’s disease cohorts: the typical Alzheimer’s disease cohort was given the long-form Recognition Memory Test (RMT) for words and faces and the British Picture Vocabulary Scale (BPVS) for single word comprehension; the PCA group were given the short-form RMT for words and faces, and the Concrete Synonyms test for single word comprehension, and to give a comparable indication of how each syndromic group performed in these domains we derived z-scores using age-appropriate normative data (Supplementary Table 3). Administration of the graded naming test differed across groups: control and typical Alzheimer’s disease participants were presented with items visually; participants with PCA were asked to name from verbal description. MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination score; WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence.
CSF profiles of tau and amyloid-β were available for 13 patients with PCA and were consistent with Alzheimer’s pathology in 12 cases, based on local reference ranges (total tau/amyloid-β1-42 ratio > 1). One participant with PCA showed clear response bias on the ASA-grouping task (Supplementary material); this participant was removed from analysis of the ASA-grouping test.
Data were not available for one participant with typical Alzheimer’s disease.
Data were not available for one participant with PCA.
Data were not available for four healthy control participants.
P = 0.003 versus controls.
P = 0.002 versus controls.
P < 0.001 versus PCA.
P = 0.012 versus typical Alzheimer’s disease.