Table 2.
Exercise type | Exercise form | Intensity | Duration | # of participants | Pain condition | Pain test modality | Pain outcome | Local site | Remote site | Findings | Year | Author |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aerobic | Bicycling | Increasing to 75% HRmax | Unknown | 20 | ME/CFS | Clinical | Pain intensity | — | — | No hypoalgesia | 2017 | Oosterwijck et al.141 |
Aerobic | Bicycling | VO2max test | 8–12 min | 25 | Chronic pain | Cold | CPI | — | Arm | No hypoalgesia | 2018 | Chretien et al.18 |
Aerobic |
Bicycling |
1 KPa |
5 min |
12 |
Chronic Low back pain |
Heat |
HPI TSPh |
— |
Forearm Lower leg |
↓ TSPh forearm |
2009 |
Bialosky et al.9 |
Aerobic | Bicycling | 80% VO2max | 30 min | 23 | DOMS MODEL | Pressure | PPT | — | Arm | No hypoalgesia | 2002 | Dannecker et al.25 |
Aerobic | Bicycling | 70% VO2max | 20 min | 8 | Chronic low back pain | Pressure | PPI | — | Hand | ↓PPI | 2005 | Hoffman et al.68 |
Aerobic |
Bicycling |
Increasing to 130 W |
37 min |
26 |
Chronic fatigue syndrome |
Pressure |
PPT |
Lower leg |
Hand Lower back Shoulder |
↓PPTs (hyperalgesia) |
2010 |
Meeus et al.123 |
Aerobic |
Bicycling |
Increasing to 130 W |
37 min |
21 |
Chronic low back pain |
Pressure |
PPT |
Lower leg |
Hand Lower back Shoulder |
↑PPTs |
2010 |
Meeus et al.123 |
Aerobic |
Bicycling |
1. 75% HRmax 2. Self-paced |
Unknown |
22 |
hronic fatigue syndrome |
Pressure |
PPT |
Lower leg |
Hand Lower back |
↑PPT lower back (after self-paced) ↓PPTs calf/hand (after self-paced) (hyperalgesia) ↓PPTs (after 75% HRmax) (hyperalgesia) |
2010 |
Van Oosterwijck et al.202 |
Aerobic |
Bicycling |
1. Increasing to 75% HRmax 2. Self-paced |
1. Unknown 2. Individual |
20 |
ME/CFS |
Pressure |
PPT |
Lower leg |
Hand Lower back |
No hypoalgesia/some hyperalgesia |
2010 |
Van Oosterwijck et al.202 |
Aerobic |
Bicycling |
1. 62% HRmax 2. Self-paced |
20 min |
21 |
Fibromyalgia |
Pressure |
PPT PPI PPTol |
— |
Hand |
↑PPT and PPTol (both conditions) ↓PPI (both conditions) |
2011 |
Newcomb et al.136 |
Aerobic |
Bicycling |
1. 75% HRmax 2. Self-paced |
Unknown |
22 |
WAD |
Pressure |
PPT |
Lower leg |
Hand Lower back |
↑PPT lower back (after self-paced) ↓PPTs calf/hand (after self-paced) (hyperalgesia) ↓PPTs (after 75% HRmax) (hyperalgesia) |
2012 |
Van Oosterwijck et al.203 |
Aerobic | Bicycling | Increasing to 75% HRmax | Maximum of 15 min | 19 | Fibromyalgia with chronic fatigue | Pressure | TSPp | — | Shoulder Hand |
No hypoalgesia | 2015 | Meeus et al.122 |
Aerobic | Bicycling | Increasing to 75% HRmax | Maximum of 15 min | 16 | RA | Pressure | TSPp | — | Shoulder Hand |
No hypoalgesia | 2015 | Meeus et al.122 |
Aerobic |
Bicycling |
75% of VO2max |
15 min |
61 |
Chronic MSK pain |
Pressure |
PPT PTTol TSPp |
Thigh |
Arm Shoulder Lower leg |
↑PPTs ↑PPTol ↑TSPp (in high pain sensitive patients) |
2016 |
Vaegter et al.197 |
Aerobic Aerobic |
Bicycling Bicycling |
1. 70% HRmax 2. 75%–85% HRmax 75% of VO2max |
1. Continuous 20 min 2. Interval 5 × 4 min 15 min |
15 14 |
Chronic fatigue syndrome Knee OA |
Pressure Pressure |
PPT PTTol |
Thigh Thigh |
Shoulder Hand Arm Shoulder Lower leg |
↑PPT thigh after interval ↑PPTs |
2016 2017 |
Sandler et al.164 Vaegter et al.194 |
Aerobic |
Bicycling |
75% of HRmax |
30 min |
21 |
WAD |
Pressure |
PPT |
— |
Neck Shin |
No hypoalgesia |
2017 |
Smith et al.172 |
Aerobic Aerobic |
Bicycling Bicycling |
Increasing to 75% HRmax 50 W |
Unknown 12 min |
40 20 |
Knee OA Chronic fatigue syndrome |
Pressure Pressure |
PPT TSPp |
Thigh Knee Thigh |
Forearm Shoulder |
↑PPTs (if normal CPM) ↓PPTs (if abnormal CPM) No hyperalgesia |
2017 2018 |
Fingleton et al.40 Malfliet et al.118 |
Aerobic |
Bicycling |
70% VO2max |
30 min |
27 |
Gulf veterans |
Pressure Heat |
PPT HPI |
— |
Hand |
↑HPI (if pain) (hyperalgesia) |
2010 |
Cook et al.19 |
Aerobic |
Running |
Bruce test |
Fatigue |
10 |
Fibromyalgia |
Heat |
TSPh |
— |
Hands |
↑TSPh (hyperalgesia) |
2001 |
Vierck et al.206 |
Aerobic |
Running |
5 km/hour |
3 × 5min |
5 |
Chronic fatigue syndrome |
Pressure |
PPT |
— |
Hands |
↓PPTs (hyperalgesia) |
2004 |
Whiteside et al.208 |
Aerobic Aerobic |
Walking Walking |
Self-selected 1. Continuous 1.3 m/second 2. Interval 1.3 m/second |
4 min 1. 45 min 2. 3 × 15 min |
20 27 |
Plantar fasciopathy Knee OA |
Clinical pain PPT Clinical pain |
Pain intensity during test PPT Pain intensity |
Heel — |
— — |
No hypoalgesia ↑Pain intensity continuous walking (hyperalgesia) |
2018 2017 |
Riel et al.156 Farrokhi et al.39 |
Aerobic |
Stepping |
50% of maximum number of steps in 1 minute |
5 min |
30 |
TMD |
Pressure |
PPI TSPp |
— |
Forearm |
↓TSPp |
2019 |
Nasri-Heir et al.129 |
Dynamic resistance | Leg exercises | 1. 60% 1RM 2. Self-selected |
2 exercises 6 × 10 repetitions |
32 |
Fibromyalgia |
Clinical |
Pain intensity |
— |
— |
Hyperalgesia |
2018 |
da Cunha Ribeiro et al.24 |
Dynamic resistance Dynamic resistance |
Knee extensions Knee extensions |
1RM 8RM |
6 × 10 repetitions 1 exercise 3 × 8 repetitions |
20 21 |
Knee OA Patellar tendinopathy |
Clinical Clinical pressure |
Pain intensity DOMS Pain intensity during SLS PPT |
Knee Knee shin |
— Forearm |
No change in pain intensity More DOMS than controls ↓Pain intensity ↑PPT shin |
2013 2019 |
Germanou et al.51 Holden et al.70 |
Dynamic resistance | Arm-raises | Fast | 6 min | 24 | Knee OA | Pressure | PPT | Shoulder | Thigh | ↑PPT shoulder | 2020 | Hansen et al.59 |
Dynamic resistance |
1. Hip abductions 2. Knee extensions |
Load = 12RM |
3 exercises 12 repetitions |
30 |
PFP |
Pressure |
PPT PTTol TSPp |
Knee Lower leg |
Elbow (PPT) |
↑PPT (lower leg) ↑PPTol (after knee exercises) |
2019 |
Straszek et al.180 |
Dynamic resistance |
Lower-body circuit |
60% 1RM |
3 exercises 10 repetitions |
11 |
Knee OA |
Pressure |
PPT PPTol |
Thigh Knee Shin |
Shoulder Arm Forearm Hand |
No hypoalgesia |
2014 |
Burrows et al.17 |
Dynamic Resistance |
Upper-body circuit |
60% 1RM |
3 exercises 10 repetitions |
11 |
Knee OA |
Pressure |
PPT PPTol |
Shoulder Arm Forearm Hand |
Thigh Knee Shin |
↑PPTs (across sites) |
2014 |
Burrows et al.17 |
Dynamic resistance Dynamic resistance |
Back extensions Repeated back movements |
Bodyweight Lifting 5 kg |
3 × 15 repetitions 7 min |
12 18 |
Chronic low back pain Chronic low back pain |
Heat Pressure Heat Cold |
HPI TSPh PPT HPT CPT TSPp |
— Back |
Forearm Lower Leg Hand |
↓TSPb forearm ↑CPT hand |
2009 2019 |
Bialosky et al.9 Kuithan et al.104 |
Dynamic resistance |
Cervical flexion |
Head weight |
10 × 10 seconds |
13 |
Chronic neck pain |
Clinical pain Pressure |
Pain intensity PPT |
Neck |
Shoulder |
↓Pain intensity ↑PPTs |
2018 |
Galindez-Ibarbengoetxea et al.47 |
Isometric |
Elbow flexion |
1. 25% MVC 2. 25% MVC 3. 100% MVC |
1. 2 min 2. Fatigue 3. 3 reps |
15 |
Fibromyalgia |
Pressure |
PPT PPI |
— |
Hand |
No hypoalgesia |
2011 |
Hoeger Bement et al.66 |
Isometric |
Handgrip |
25% MVC |
3 min |
18 |
Diabetic neuropathy |
Heat |
HPI TSPh |
Hand Forearm |
— |
↓HPI and TSPh (if no pain) No changes (if pain) |
2014 |
Knauf and Koltyn90 |
Isometric |
Handgrip |
25% MVC |
3 min |
64 |
Menstrual pain |
Pressure |
PPT |
Forearm Shin |
↑PPTs |
2018 |
Travers et al.186 |
|
Isometric |
Handgrip |
30% MVC |
90 seconds |
12 |
Fibromyalgia |
Pressure Heat |
PPT HPI |
Forearm |
Forearm |
↓PPTs ↑HPI (hyperalgesia) |
2005 |
Staud et al.177 |
Isometric | Knee extension | 20%–25% MVC | Fatigue | 14 | Fibromyalgia | Pressure | PPT | Thigh | — | ↓PPT (hyperalgesia) | 1996 | Kosek et al.100 |
Isometric | Knee extension | 10%–15% MVC | Fatigue | 17 | Fibromyalgia | Pressure | PPT | Thigh | Shoulder | ↑PPT (shoulder) | 2007 | Kadetoff and Kosek82 |
Isometric | Knee extension | 50% MVC | Fatigue | 66 | Knee OA | Pressure | PPT | Thigh | Shoulder | ↑PPTs | 2013 | Kosek et al.102 |
Isometric | Knee extension | 50% MVC | Fatigue | 47 | Hip OA | Pressure | PPT | Thigh | Shoulder | ↑PPTs | 2013 | Kosek et al.102 |
Isometric |
Knee extension |
30% MVC |
90 seconds |
61 |
Chronic MSK pain |
Pressure |
PPT PTTol TSPp |
Thigh |
Arm Shoulder Lower leg |
↑PPTs ↑PPTol |
2016 |
Vaegter et al.197 |
Isometric |
Knee extension |
30% MVC |
90 seconds |
14 |
Knee OA |
Pressure |
PPT PTTol |
Thigh |
Arm Shoulder Lower leg |
↑PPTs |
2017 |
Vaegter et al.194 |
Isometric |
Knee extension |
10% MVC |
5 min |
40 |
Knee OA |
Pressure |
PPT |
Thigh Knee |
Forearm |
↑PPTs (if normal CPM) ↓PPTs (if abnormal CPM) |
2017 |
Fingleton et al.40 |
Isometric Isometric |
Knee extension Knee extension |
30% MVC 30% MVC |
Fatigue 5 min |
130 46 |
Fibromyalgia RA |
Pressure Pressure |
PPT PPT |
— Thigh |
Shoulder Shoulder |
↑PPT ↑PPTs |
2017 2018 |
Tour et al.185 Lofgren et al.117 |
Isometric |
Knee extension |
70% MVC |
5 × 45 seconds |
21 |
Patellar tendinopathy |
Pressure clinical |
Pain intensity during SLS PPT |
Knee Shin |
Forearm |
↓Pain intensity ↑PPT shin |
2019 |
Holden et al.70 |
Isometric |
1. Knee extension 2. Shoulder rotation |
20%–25% MVC |
Fatigue |
20 |
Shoulder pain |
Pressure |
PPT |
Thigh Shoulder |
Shoulder Thigh |
↑PPTs (during knee extension) |
2010 |
Lannersten and Kosek107 |
Isometric |
1. Knee extension 2. Shoulder rotation |
20%–25% MVC |
Fatigue |
20 |
Fibromyalgia |
Pressure |
PPT |
Thigh Shoulder |
Shoulder Thigh |
No hypoalgesia |
2010 |
Lannersten and Kosek107 |
Isometric | Shoulder abduction | 1 kg | Fatigue | 19 | Chronic shoulder pain | Pressure | PPT | Shoulder | — | ↑PPT | 2003 | Persson et al.148 |
Isometric | Shoulder abduction | Weight of arms | Fatigue | 22 | Fibromyalgia | Pressure | PPT | Shoulder | Shin | ↓PPT shin (hyperalgesia) | 2012 | Ge et al.48 |
Isometric | Shoulder abduction | 20%–25% MVC | 5 min | 24 | Shoulder pain | Pressure | PPT | Shoulder | Thigh Shin |
↑PPTs | 2016 | Kuppens et al.105 |
Isometric | Squat | 70% MVC | 1 exercise 5 × 45 sec repetitions | 6 | Patella tendinopathy | Clinical | Pain intensity during SLS | — | — | ↓Pain intensity | 2015 | Rio et al.158 |
Isometric | Tooth clenching | — | Fatigue | 20 | TMD | Pressure | PPT | Jaw | Forearm | ↑PPT jaw | 2019 | Lanefelt et al.106 |
Isometric |
Wall squat |
Bodyweight |
3 min |
21 |
WAD |
Pressure |
PPT |
— |
Neck Shin |
↑PPTs |
2017 |
Smith et al.172 |
The table is organized according to exercise type, exercise form, pain test modality, and year of publication.
DOMS, delayed-onset muscle soreness; HPI, heat pain intensity; HPT, heat pain threshold; HRmax, maximum heart rate; MVC, maximal voluntary contraction; PPI, pressure pain intensity; PPT, pressure pain threshold; PPTol, pressure pain tolerance; RM, repetition maximum; RPE, rating of perceived exertion; SLS, single-leg stand; TSPh, temporal summation of heat pain; TSPp, temporal summation of pressure pain; VO2max, maximal aerobic capacity.