Table 3.
Univariable regression of demographic factors and outcomes during the COVID-19 outbreak
| Variable | DJG Loneliness totala | Social lonelinessa | Emotional lonelinessa | GAD-7a | ISIa | PHQ-9a | Missed appointmentb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.06) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.04) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.10)c |
| Female | 0.29 (−0.07, 0.64) | 0.24 (−0.01, 0.48) | 0.05 (−0.15, 0.24) | 0.99 (0.30, 1.68)c | 1.23 (0.36, 2.10)c | 0.56 (−0.22, 1.33) | −0.02 (−0.60, 0.56) |
| Education ≤6 years | 0.04 (−0.28, 0.35) | 0.04 (−0.18, 0.26) | −0.01 (−0.19, 0.16) | 0.50 (−0.11, 1.12) | 0.09 (−0.68, 0.86) | 0.36 (−0.33, 1.04) | 0.43 (−0.12, 0.99) |
| Single/divorced/separated/widowedd | 0.45 (0.11, 0.78)c | 0.30 (0.08, 0.53)c | 0.15 (−0.04, 0.33) | 0.26 (−0.38, 0.90) | 0.05 (−0.77, 0.86) | −0.26 (−0.99, 0.46) | 0.75 (0.17, 1.32)c |
| Living alone | 0.79 (0.34, 1.24)c | 0.54 (0.23, 0.84)c | 0.26 (0.01, 0.50)c | 0.70 (−0.16, 1.56) | 0.01 (−1.09, 1.11) | −0.40 (−1.38, 0.58) | 0.53 (−0.17, 1.23) |
| Retired/housewifee | −0.08 (−0.69, 0.52) | −0.18 (−0.59, 0.23) | 0.10 (−0.23, 0.43) | 0.56 (−0.59, 1.71) | 0.55 (−0.91, 2.01) | 0.93 (−0.36, 2.23) | 0.39 (−0.61, 1.39) |
| CSSA | 0.33 (−0.17, 0.84) | 0.22 (−0.12, 0.57) | 0.10 (−0.18, 0.37) | 0.46 (−0.49, 1.41) | −1.61 (−2.81, −0.41)c | −0.80 (−1.89, 0.29) | 0.43 (−0.41, 1.28) |
| Chronic conditions >4f | 0.22 (−0.11, 0.56) | 0.25 (0.19, 0.47)c | −0.01 (−0.20, 0.17) | 0.38 (−0.27, 1.03) | 0.42 (−0.40, 1.24) | 0.23 (−0.50, 0.97) | 0.53 (−0.04, 1.09) |
Linear regression was used to explore the association between independent variables and outcome scores during the COVID-19 outbreak with adjustment of pre-COVID-19 scores; regression coefficients (95% CIs) were presented.
Generalised estimating equation was used to study the association between independent variables and change of missed appointments during the COVID-19 outbreak; log odds ratio of interaction terms (independent variable*time) were presented with 95% CIs.
P-value <0.05.
Reference group for marital status = married.
Reference group for working status = employed.
Reference group for number of chronic conditions = 2–4 chronic conditions. CSSA = Comprehensive Social Security Assistance. DJG = De Jong Gierveld. GAD-7 = 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder. ISI = Insomnia Severity Index. PHQ-9 = 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire.