Table 4.
Multiple regression of demographic factors and outcomes during the COVID-19 outbreak
| Variable | DJG Loneliness totala | Social lonelinessa | Emotional lonelinessa | GAD-7a | ISIa | PHQ-9a | Missed appointmentb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.13, 0.30) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.02) | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.04) | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) |
| Female | 0.26 (−0.13, 0.65) | 0.26 (0.01, 0.53)c | −0.01 (−0.23, 0.20) | 0.86 (0.11, 1.61)c | 1.40 (0.44, 2.35)c | 0.45 (−0.40, 1.30) | −0.18 (−0.83, 0.48) |
| Education ≤6 years | −0.05 (−0.39, 0.28) | −0.02 (−0.25, 0.20) | −0.03 (−0.22, 0.15) | 0.38 (−0.25, 1.02) | 0.07 (−0.73, 0.87) | 0.39 (−0.33, 1.11) | 0.26 (−0.31, 0.82) |
| Single/divorced/separated/widowedd | 0.12 (−0.31, 0.54) | 0.04 (−0.25, 0.33) | 0.09 (−0.15, 0.32) | −0.31 (−1.12, 0.50) | −0.34 (−1.37, 0.68) | −0.30 (−1.22, 0.62) | 0.64 (−0.15, 1.43) |
| Living alone | 0.64 (0.09, 1.19)c | 0.43 (0.06, 0.80)c | 0.21 (−0.10, 0.51) | 0.80 (−0.25, 1.85) | 0.54 (−0.79, 1.87) | 0.01 (−1.19, 1.20) | −0.04 (−0.99, 0.91) |
| Retired/housewifee | −0.19 (−0.83, 0.44) | −0.33 (−0.75, 0.10) | 0.14 (−0.21, 0.49) | 0.33 (−0.88, 1.53) | 0.08 (−1.45, 1.61) | 0.82 (−0.55, 2.19) | 0.07 (−1.02, 1.17) |
| CSSA | 0.06 (−0.48, 0.59) | 0.03 (−0.33, 0.39) | 0.02 (−0.28, 0.31) | 0.15 (−0.86, 1.16) | −1.89 (−3.16, −0.61)c | −0.86 (−2.01, 0.30) | 0.06 (−0.82, 0.93) |
| Chronic conditions >4f | 0.18 (−0.16, 0.52) | 0.23 (0.01, 0.46)c | −0.04 (−0.23, 0.15) | 0.33 (−0.32, 0.98) | 0.63 (−0.20, 1.46) | 0.28 (−0.46, 1.03) | 0.41 (−0.17, 0.99) |
Linear regression was used to explore the association between independent variables and outcome scores during the COVID-19 outbreak with adjustment of pre-COVID-19 scores. All covariates were mutually adjusted. Regression coefficients (95% CIs) were presented.
Generalised estimating equation was used to study the association between independent variables and change of missed appointments during the COVID-19 outbreak. All covariates were mutually adjusted. Log odds ratio of interaction terms (independent variable* time) were presented with 95% CIs.
P-value <0.05.
Reference group for marital status = married.
Reference group for working status = employed.
Reference group for number of chronic conditions = 2–4 chronic conditions. CSSA = Comprehensive Social Security Assistance. DJG = De Jong Gierveld. GAD-7 = 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder. ISI = Insomnia Severity Index. PHQ-9 = 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire.