Table 1. Study characteristics.
| Author | Country | Study period | Study design | Setting | Primary outcome | Patients included | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-intervention | Intervention | ||||||
| Charani (2013) | UK | 2011–2012 | Cross-sectional, before-after & qualitative | Hospital | Process indicators, user experience | n/a | n/a |
| Payne (2014) | UK | N/A | Before-after & qualitative | Hospital | Process indicators, user experience | n/a | n/a |
| Panesar (2016) | Canada | 2013 | Cross-sectional & before-after | Hospital | Process indicators, user experience | n/a | n/a |
| Blumenthal (2017) | USA | 2014–2016 | Cross-sectional | Ward | Antimicrobial consumption | 148 | 199 |
| Charani (2017) | UK | 2008–2014 | Interrupted time series | Hospital | Adherence to guidelines | N/A | N/A |
| Fralick (2017) | Canada | 2015 | Before-after | Ward | Knowledge of prescribing, user experience | n/a | n/a |
| Haque (2017) | Bangladesh | 2015 | Before-after | Ward | Adherence to guidelines | 325 | 516 |
| Hoff (2018) | USA | 2016–2017 | Cross-sectional | Hospital | Process indicators | n/a | n/a |
| Tuon (2017) | Brazil | 2014–2015 | Before-after | Hospital | Antimicrobial consumption, susceptibility and cost, process indicators | n/a | n/a |
| Shenouda (2018) | UK | N/A | Qualitative | Hospital | User experience | n/a | n/a |
| Young (2018) | USA | 2016–2017 | Cross-sectional | Hospital | Process indicators | n/a | n/a |
| Antonello (2019) | Brazil | 2010–2015 | Cross-sectional | Hospital | Adherence to guidelines | 99 | 107 |
| Yoon (2019) | New Zealand | 2016 | Before-after | Hospital | Process indicators, adherence to guidelines | 1041 | 1064 |
N/A: not available; n/a: not applicable.