Table 1.
Demographics and baseline parameters
| All patients | Non‐diabetic patients | All diabetic patients | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Number of patients | 418 | 313 (74.9%) | 105 (25.1%) | |
| Female sex | 94 (22.5%) | 69 (22.0%) | 25 (23.8%) | 0.708 |
| Age (years) | 64.6 ± 11.6 | 63.6 ± 12.3 | 67.3 ± 8.8 | 0.005 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.1 ± 5.2 | 26.7 ± 5.1 | 28.2 ± 5.4 | 0.009 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, co‐morbidities | ||||
| Leading cardiomyopathy | ||||
| Ischaemic | 175 (41.9%) | 128 (40.9%) | 47 (44.8%) | 0.487 |
| Non‐ischaemic | 243 (58.1%) | 185 (59.1%) | 58 (55.2%) | — |
| NYHA class | 29/108/250/27 | 24/88/181/17 | 5/20/69/10 | 0.097 |
| Arterial hypertension | 222 (53.1%) | 154 (49.2%) | 68 (64.8%) | 0.006 |
| Hypercholesterinaemia | 188 (45.0%) | 132 (42.9%) | 56 (53.3%) | 0.063 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 39 (9.3%) | 27 (8.6%) | 12 (11.4%) | 0.393 |
| History of stroke | 35 (8.4%) | 27 (8.6%) | 8 (7.6%) | 0.766 |
| COPD | 37 (8.9%) | 24 (7.7%) | 13 (12.4%) | 0.141 |
| Current smoker | 93 (22.5%) | 72 (23.1%) | 21 (20.6%) | 0.601 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 26.6 ± 8.3 | 27.1 ± 8.5 | 25.0 ± 7.3 | 0.023 |
| LVFS (%) | 16.7 ± 8.1 | 17.1 ± 8.4 | 15.2 ± 6.9 | 0.053 |
| LVESVI (mL/m2) | 82.3 ± 34.6 | 81.4 ± 35.7 | 83.8 ± 30.9 | 0.887 |
| LVEDVI (mL/m2) | 109.7 ± 38.3 | 110.5 ± 39.6 | 107.2 ± 34.4 | 0.498 |
| RV FAC (%) | 38.5 ± 13.8 | 39.1 ± 14.1 | 36.7 ± 13 | 0.294 |
| Electrocardiographic parameters | ||||
| Heart rate | 73.0 ± 14.5 | 73.1 ± 14.7 | 72.8 ± 14.1 | 0.864 |
| QRS width (ms) | 156.9 ± 35.1 | 158.1 ± 34.8 | 153.1 ± 36.2 | 0.215 |
| Rhythm on pre‐implantation ECG | ||||
| Sinus rhythm | 293 (70.3%) | 220 (70.5%) | 73 (69.5%) | 0.957 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 46 (11.0%) | 35 (11.2%) | 11 (10.5%) | ‐ |
| Paced rhythm | 78 (18.7%) | 57 (18.2%) | 21 (20.0%) | ‐ |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 124.9 ± 65.6 | 121.5 ± 63.6 | 135.5 ± 70.6 | 0.066 |
| eGFR (mL/min) Cockroft–Gault | 68.1 ± 33.3 | 70.0 ± 34.7 | 62.4 ± 28.2 | 0.051 |
| eGFR < 60 mL/min | 180 (45.1%) | 124 (41.2%) | 56 (57.1%) | 0.006 |
| NT‐proBNP (ng/L) | 4490.0 ± 7846.9 | 4620.7 ± 8365.9 | 4087.1 ± 6003.3 | 0.598 |
| Baseline medication | ||||
| Aspirin | 193 (46.3%) | 131 (41.9%) | 62 (59.6%) | 0.002 |
| ACE inhibitor/AR blocker | 379 (90.7%) | 286 (91.4%) | 93 (89.4%) | 0.549 |
| Beta‐blocker | 335 (80.3%) | 248 (79.2%) | 87 (83.7%) | 0.326 |
| Spironolactone | 216 (51.9%) | 152 (48.7%) | 64 (61.5%) | 0.023 |
| Loop diuretics | 313 (76.7%) | 223 (72.9%) | 90 (88.2%) | 0.001 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 73 (18.0%) | 55 (18.2%) | 18 (17.8%) | 0.215 |
| Oral anticoagulation | 200 (48.0%) | 160 (51.1%) | 40 (38.5%) | 0.025 |
| Diabetes management | ||||
| HbA1c—NGSP in % | — | — | 7.0 [6.4;8.0] | — |
| <7% | — | — | 34 (47.9%) | — |
| ≥7.0% | — | — | 37 (52.1%) | — |
| Oral antidiabetic therapy | — | — | 59 (57.8%) | — |
| Insulin | — | — | 38 (36.2%) | — |
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; AR, angiotensin receptor; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEDVI, left ventricular end‐diastolic volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESVI, left ventricular end‐systolic volume index; LVFS, left ventricular fractional shortening; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; NYHA, New York Heart Association; RV FAC, right ventricular fractional areal change.
Bold indicates statistically significant findings.