Table 1.
Patient characteristics on admission
| Parameter | BNP−/WRF− | BNP−/WRF+ | BNP+/WRF− | BNP+/WRF+ | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 94 | n = 45 | n = 115 | n = 57 | ||
| Age (years) | 67.5 ± 14.7 | 73.3 ± 15.3 | 73.4 ± 14.1 * | 74.5 ± 16.3 * | 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 62 (66.0) | 22 (48.9) | 77 (67.0) | 32 (56.1) | 0.12 |
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 97.6 ± 28.7 | 96.5 ± 23.9 | 97.4 ± 27.0 | 98.6 ± 24.2 | 0.98 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 140.5 ± 34.9 | 149.7 ± 33.1 | 135.9 ± 27.9 | 148.9 ± 36.3 | 0.03 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 84.1 ± 24.2 | 88.0 ± 23.3 | 84.6 ± 20.7 | 90.1 ± 24.7 | 0.37 |
| NYHA functional class | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 0.28 |
| Body weight on admission (kg) | 63.6 ± 17.0 | 60.1 ± 21.0 | 60.2 ± 14.5 | 59.3 ± 16.1 | 0.41 |
| Coarse crackles on admission, n (%) | 50 (53.2) | 30 (66.7) | 74 (64.3) | 42 (73.7) | 0.03 |
| Peripheral oedema on admission, n (%) | 56 (59.6) | 33 (73.3) | 87 (75.7) | 36 (63.2) | 0.08 |
| CTR on admission (%) | 60.8 ± 6.0 | 59.9 ± 6.0 | 61.7 ± 5.7 | 63.9 ± 8.0 * , † | 0.006 |
| History of admission for heart failure, n (%) | 14 (14.9) | 4 (8.9) | 20 (17.4) | 20 (35.1) | 0.005 |
| HF‐preserved EF, n (%) | 23 (24.5) | 15 (33.7) | 22 (22.6) | 9 (15.8) | 0.29 |
| Ischaemic heart disease, n (%) | 26 (27.7) | 11 (24.4) | 35 (30.4) | 19 (33.3) | 0.76 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 33 (35.1) | 14 (31.1) | 51 (44.4) | 25 (43.9) | 0.3 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 63 (67.0) | 31 (68.9) | 75 (65.2) | 46 (80.1) | 0.18 |
| Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) | 42 (44.7) | 22 (48.9) | 48 (41.7) | 25 (43.9) | 0.88 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 35 (37.2) | 15 (33.3) | 33 (28.7) | 19 (33.3) | 0.63 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 36 (38.3) | 19 (42.2) | 62 (53.9) | 32 (56.1) | 0.06 |
| LV diastolic diameter (mm) | 55.0 ± 8.9 | 52.4 ± 9.9 | 56.7 ± 9.4 † | 56.8 ± 8.1 | 0.03 |
| LV systolic diameter (mm) | 43.3 ± 11.2 | 39.2 ± 12.0 | 45.6 ± 11.4 † | 45.8 ± 9.5 † | 0.007 |
| LVEF (%) | 42.6 ± 16.7 | 48.8 ± 14.9 | 39.8 ± 15.7 † | 40.2 ± 13.3 † | 0.009 |
| Laboratory data | |||||
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.5 * , † | 0.006 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 21.1 ± 12.8 | 18.0 ± 6.4 | 26.4 ± 14.8 * , † | 24.5 ± 13.6 | 0.0009 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.06 ± 0.59 | 0.92 ± 0.36 | 1.19 ± 0.56 | 1.30 ± 0.89 † | 0.009 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 60.5 ± 19.0 | 61.0 ± 18.0 | 52.3 ± 18.9 * | 50.8 ± 22.8 * , † | 0.001 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 139.3 ± 4.2 | 140.4 ± 2.5 | 139.9 ± 4.0 | 138.5 ± 4.2 | 0.06 |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 104.7 ± 4.6 | 105.7 ± 4.0 | 105.9 ± 4.7 | 105.0 ± 4.7 | 0.22 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 0.17 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.9 ± 2.5 | 12.1 ± 2.8 | 12.4 ± 2.4 | 11.8 ± 2.5 | 0.08 |
| Haematocrit (g/dL) | 38.4 ± 6.7 | 36.7 ± 7.8 | 37.3 ± 6.7 | 35.6 ± 6.8 | 0.09 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 620.4 ± 454.5 | 420.8 ± 334.8 | 1102.4 ± 936.5 * , † | 1017.4 ± 552.8 * , † | <0.0001 |
| In‐hospital treatment | |||||
| Inotropes, n (%) | 12 (12.8) | 4 (8.9) | 10 (8.7) | 12 (21.1) | 0.14 |
| Intravenous furosemide, n (%) | 58 (61.7) | 32 (71.1) | 76 (66.1) | 46 (80.7) | 0.08 |
| Dose of IV furosemide (mg/day) | 20.9 ± 13.3 | 21.7 ± 13.1 | 19.8 ± 8.3 | 21.0 ± 10.7 | 0.84 |
| Carperitide, n (%) | 51 (54.3) | 29 (64.4) | 76 (66.1) | 40 (70.2) | 0.19 |
| Tolvaptan, n (%) | 13 (13.8) | 10 (22.2) | 23 (20.0) | 19 (33.3) | 0.05 |
| Vasodilator, n (%) | 57 (60.6) | 32 (71.1) | 81 (70.4) | 41 (71.9) | 0.36 |
BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; CTR, cardiothoracic ratio; EF, ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; IV, intravenous; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; WRF, worsening renal function.
*
P < 0.05 compared with BNP−/WRF− group.
†
P < 0.05 compared with BNP−/WRF+ group.
‡
P < 0.05 compared with BNP+/WRF− group.