Table 5.
Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis of all‐cause mortality
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P value | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P value | |||
| Age | 1.083 | 1.059 | 1.108 | <0.0001 | 1.086 | 1.057 | 1.119 | <0.0001 |
| Male | 0.805 | 0.524 | 1.248 | 0.33 | ||||
| Heart rate | 0.99 | 0.981 | 0.998 | 0.01 | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.997 | 0.99 | 1.003 | 0.34 | ||||
| Diastolic blood pressure | 0.989 | 0.979 | 0.999 | 0.03 | ||||
| NYHA functional class | 1.47 | 1.027 | 2.146 | 0.04 | ||||
| History of admission for heart failure | 2.572 | 1.612 | 4.013 | 0.0001 | 3.262 | 1.911 | 5.500 | <0.0001 |
| HF‐preserved EF | 1.614 | 0.98 | 2.58 | 0.06 | ||||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.862 | 0.519 | 1.378 | 0.55 | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.359 | 0.881 | 2.089 | 0.16 | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.137 | 0.718 | 1.861 | 0.59 | ||||
| Hyperlipidaemia | 1.343 | 0.875 | 2.068 | 0.18 | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.929 | 0.579 | 1.454 | 0.75 | ||||
| CKD | 1.812 | 1.175 | 2.834 | 0.007 | ||||
| LV diastolic diameter | 0.962 | 0.938 | 0.987 | 0.003 | ||||
| LV systolic diameter | 0.969 | 0.949 | 0.989 | 0.002 | ||||
| LVEF | 1.022 | 1.008 | 1.037 | 0.002 | ||||
| BNP−/WRF+ (vs. BNP−/WRF−) | 2.78 | 1.369 | 5.738 | 0.005 | 2.286 | 1.089 | 4.875 | 0.03 |
| BNP+/WRF− (vs. BNP−/WRF−) | 1.928 | 1.046 | 3.738 | 0.04 | 1.221 | 0.639 | 2.438 | 0.55 |
| BNP+/WRF+ (vs. BNP− /WRF−) | 3.137 | 1.621 | 6.279 | 0.0007 | 1.829 | 0.862 | 3.947 | 0.12 |
| Laboratory data on admission | ||||||||
| Albumin | 0.581 | 0.382 | 0.889 | 0.01 | ||||
| Blood urea nitrogen | 1.015 | 1.003 | 1.025 | 0.02 | ||||
| Creatinine | 1.263 | 0.96 | 1.583 | 0.09 | ||||
| Sodium | 1 | 0.948 | 1.061 | 0.99 | ||||
| Chloride | 0.965 | 0.921 | 1.013 | 0.15 | ||||
| Potassium | 0.95 | 0.636 | 1.383 | 0.8 | ||||
| Haemoglobin | 0.826 | 0.757 | 0.9 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Haematocrit | 0.936 | 0.907 | 0.965 | <0.0001 | ||||
| BNP | 1 | 0.999 | 1 | 0.81 | ||||
| Laboratory data at discharge | ||||||||
| Albumin | 0.395 | 0.248 | 0.634 | 0.0001 | ||||
| Blood urea nitrogen | 1.036 | 1.02 | 1.05 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Creatinine | 1.238 | 0.95 | 1.524 | 0.11 | ||||
| Sodium | 0.97 | 0.917 | 1.031 | 0.32 | ||||
| Chloride | 0.953 | 0.908 | 1.004 | 0.07 | ||||
| Potassium | 0.632 | 0.397 | 1.019 | 0.06 | ||||
| Haemoglobin | 0.747 | 0.672 | 0.826 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Haematocrit | 0.897 | 0.863 | 0.93 | <0.0001 | ||||
| BNP | 1 | 0.999 | 1.001 | 0.07 | ||||
| In‐hospital treatment | ||||||||
| Inotropes | 1.363 | 0.703 | 2.417 | 0.34 | ||||
| Intravenous furosemide | 1.375 | 0.851 | 2.314 | 0.2 | ||||
| Dose of intravenous furosemide (mg/day) | 0.989 | 0.963 | 1.011 | 0.34 | ||||
| Vasodilator | 0.96 | 0.61 | 1.551 | 0.86 | ||||
| Medication at discharge | ||||||||
| Beta‐blockers | 0.427 | 0.277 | 0.662 | 0.0002 | ||||
| ACEI/ARBs | 0.47 | 0.306 | 0.727 | 0.0008 | ||||
| Loop diuretics | 1.175 | 0.714 | 2.038 | 0.54 | ||||
| Aldosterone antagonists | 1.923 | 1.249 | 2.962 | 0.003 | ||||
| Triple therapy | 0.378 | 0.223 | 0.614 | <0.0001 | 0.463 | 0.256 | 0.800 | 0.005 |
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin 2 receptor blocker; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; EF, ejection fraction; HF, heart failure; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; WRF, worsening renal function.
Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model included age, sex, NYHA functional class, history of admission for heart failure, ischaemic heart disease, CKD, LVEF, triple therapy, groups of BNP and WRF, and creatinine at discharge.
Triple therapy was defined as the combination usage of beta‐blockers, ACEI/ARBs, and aldosterone antagonists.