Table 4.
Comparisons of cytokines in normal controls and patients with different levels of phenylalanine (Phe)
| Normal | Phe < 112 μM | Phe ≥ 112 μM | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | (n = 37) | (n = 74) | (n = 41) | P value a |
| IL‐1β | 0.91 [0.57–1.49] | 0.30 [0.20–0.70] ** | 0.36 [0.21–0.66] ** | <0.001 |
| IL‐2 | 0.94 [0.68–1.17] | 0.49 [0.22–0.93] ** | 0.61 [0.35–1.13] * | <0.001 |
| IL‐4 | 42.3 [27.5–67.5] | 13.73 [5.35–41.86] ** | 9.88 [7.03–36.7] ** | <0.001 |
| IL‐5 | 3.83 [2.94–5.08] | 2.01 [1.01–3.55] ** | 1.88 [1.02–3.64] ** | <0.001 |
| IL‐6 | 0.87 [0.60–1.31] | 9.18 [3.47–25.71] ** | 12.6 [5.30–36.5] ** | <0.001 |
| IL‐7 | 5.94 [4.39–8.06] | 3.71 [2.02–5.09] ** | 3.13 [1.99–4.75] ** | <0.001 |
| IL‐8 | 3.06 [2.68–4.02] | 14.08 [7.98–26.63] ** | 36.2 [21.9–58.9] ** , ‡ | <0.001 |
| IL‐10 | 7.47 [5.11–11.05] | 7.84 [4.67–13.50] | 13.1 [9.84–23.9] ** , ‡ | <0.001 |
| IL‐12‐p70 | 1.92 [1.61–2.69] | 1.05 [0.54–1.59] ** | 0.93 [0.54–1.52] ** | <0.001 |
| IL‐13 | 1.13 [0.67–2.23] | 0.68 [0.33–1.70] | 1.00 [0.40–2.31] | <0.062 |
| IL‐17A | 4.94 [4.15–6.78] | 3.11 [2.07–4.56] ** | 3.06 [2.01–4.85] ** | <0.001 |
| IL‐21 | 2.54 [1.74–3.60] | 1.18 [0.54–2.55] ** | 1.29 [0.57–2.42] ** | <0.001 |
| IL‐23 | 259 [166–380] | 118.83 [54.23–224.03] ** | 91.7 [52.1–243] ** | <0.001 |
| IFN‐γ | 5.66 [4.63–7.29] | 2.42 [1.51–5.02] ** | 3.34 [1.82–5.98] ** | <0.001 |
| TNFα | 3.35 [2.75–3.82] | 6.65 [4.62–10.76] ** | 8.12 [5.64–14.10] ** , † | <0.001 |
| MIP1α | 13.4 [10.8–16.0] | 11.05 [7.87–16.078] | 13.1 [10.4–16.7] | 0.092 |
| MIP1β | 4.95 [3.52–6.44] | 7.92 [5.31–11.36] ** | 11.0 [6.39–20.3] ** , ‡ | <0.001 |
| MIP3α | 7.49 [5.23–9.75] | 13.26 [7.91–34.10] ** | 32.6 [14.4–84.1] ** , ‡ | <0.001 |
| ITAC | 7.74 [6.28–9.67] | 12.46 [8.35–18.93] ** | 17.0 [10.61–34.38] ** , † | <0.001 |
| GM‐CSF | 16.9 [12.3–23.8] | 6.54 [3.83–12.84] ** | 5.79 [3.82–12.03] ** | <0.001 |
| Fractalkine | 104 [70.9–126] | 64.38 [39.23–118.50] * | 65.3 [42.0–105] * | 0.01 |
GM‐CSF, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor; IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; ITAC, interferon‐inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.
Data are presented as median [inter‐quartile range].
*
P < 0.05.
**
P < 0.01, compared with ‘normal’.
†
P < 0.05.
‡
P < 0.01, compared with ‘Phe < 112 μM’.
a
Indicates use of Kruskal–Wallis H test.