TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population divided according to outcome
| Non‐survivors (n = 70) | Survivors (n = 336) | P value | BCN Bio‐HF | CHARM | EMPHASIS | GISSI‐HF | MAGGIC | MUSIC | OPTIMIZE‐HF | SHFM | Miura et al. score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristic | ||||||||||||
| Age (year) | 55.0 ± 14.4 | 53.3 ± 13.5 | 0.34 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
| Male, n (%) | 60 (85.7%) | 269 (80.1%) | 0.29 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Symptoms duration (month) | 63.4 ± 83.5 | 35.4 ± 50.4 | 0.002 | X | X | |||||||
| Aetiology, n (%) | 0.69 | |||||||||||
| Inflammatory | 6 (8.6%) | 38 (11.3%) | ||||||||||
| Toxic | 11 (15.7%) | 51 (15.2%) | ||||||||||
| Tachyarrhythmic | 4 (5.7%) | 29 (8.6%) | ||||||||||
| Familial | 4 (5.7%) | 7 (2.1%) | ||||||||||
| Other | 3 (4.3%) | 13 (3.9%) | ||||||||||
| Unknown | 42 (60.0%) | 197 (58.6%) | ||||||||||
| Urgent HF hospitalization, n (%) | 17 (24.3%) | 45 (13.4%) | 0.02 | X | ||||||||
| CV prior hospitalization, n (%) | X | X | X | |||||||||
| 6 months | 41 (58.6%) | 184 (54.8%) | 0.56 | |||||||||
| 12 months | 42 (60.0%) | 194 (57.7%) | 0.73 | |||||||||
| >12 months | 36 (51.4%) | 101 (30.1%) | 0.0006 | |||||||||
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||
| Systolic | 115.3 ± 24.4 | 119.9 ± 17.7 | 0.01 | |||||||||
| Diastolic | 73.3 ± 11.9 | 76.2 ± 11.8 | 0.03 | |||||||||
| NYHA class | 2.94 ± 0.91 | 2.43 ± 0.86 | <0.0001 | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
| Killip class | 1.27 ± 0.66 | 1.15 ± 0.45 | 0.05 | X | ||||||||
| Oedema, n (%) | 28 (40.0%) | 93 (27.8%) | 0.04 | X | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 ± 5.3 | 27.8 ± 5.3 | 0.07 | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 25 (35.7%) | 112 (33.4%) | 0.87 | X | X | |||||||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 21 (30.0%) | 68 (20.2%) | 0.07 | X | X | X | X | |||||
| COPD, n (%) | 4 (5.7%) | 23 (6.9%) | 0.73 | X | X | |||||||
| AF, n (%) | 25 (35.7%) | 103 (30.8%) | 0.42 | X | X | |||||||
| Prior stroke, n (%) | 11 (15.7%) | 13 (3.9%) | 0.0001 | |||||||||
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 36 (51.4%) | 237 (70.8%) | 0.002 | |||||||||
| Abnormal liver function, n (%) | 13 (18.6%) | 40 (11.9%) | 0.13 | |||||||||
| ECG | ||||||||||||
| HR (bpm) | 82.6 ± 21.0 | 80.7 ± 20.2 | 0.48 | X | X | X | ||||||
| QRS (ms) | 113.2 ± 33.3 | 106.8 ± 28.0 | 0.31 | |||||||||
| Intraventricular delay, n (%) | 27 (38.6%) | 107 (31.9%) | 0.69 | X | X | X | ||||||
| LBBB, n (%) | 22 (31.4%) | 83 (24.7%) | 0.24 | |||||||||
| Ventricular extrasystole (per day) | 1847 ± 3,668 | 1876 ± 4,510 | 0.97 | X | ||||||||
| ns/sVT, n (%) | 20 (28.6%) | 65 (24.0%) | 0.046 | X | ||||||||
| Echocardiography | ||||||||||||
| EF (%) | 23.4 ± 9.4 | 26.6 ± 9.3 | 0.01 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
| LVEDd (mm) | 68.5 ± 14.1 | 65.7 ± 9.4 | 0.04 | X | ||||||||
| RVd (mm) | 40.6 ± 10.2 | 37.4 ± 8.5 | 0.08 | |||||||||
| TAPSE (mm) | 17.9 ± 5.3 | 18.5 ± 6.3 | 0.59 | |||||||||
| LAd (mm) | 50.3 ± 11.7 | 46.8 ± 8.4 | 0.02 | X | ||||||||
| LAA (cm2) | 31.6 ± 10.2 | 29.0 ± 8.0 | 0.04 | |||||||||
| RAA (cm2) | 25.3 ± 9.4 | 22.7 ± 7.9 | 0.03 | |||||||||
| E wave (m/s) | 0.95 ± 0.37 | 0.83 ± 0.37 | 0.02 | |||||||||
| PASP (mmHg) | 39.6 ± 17.2 | 31.1 ± 17.5 | 0.0001 | |||||||||
| Mild or severe MR, n (%) | 40 (57.1%) | 152 (45.2%) | 0.07 | X | ||||||||
| Mild or severe TR, n (%) | 25 (35.7%) | 80 (23.8%) | 0.04 | |||||||||
| Laboratory results | ||||||||||||
| WBC (tys/uL) | 7.67 ± 2.04 | 7.95 ± 2.40 | 0.38 | |||||||||
| Lymphocytes (%) | 21.2 ± 7.8 | 24.7 ± 7.8 | 0.0008 | X | ||||||||
| Hb (g/dL) | 13.6 ± 1.5 | 14.4 ± 1.6 | 0.0003 | X | X | X | X | |||||
| Anaemia, n (%) | 18 (25.7%) | 43 (12.8%) | 0.006 | |||||||||
| Creatinine (umol/L) | 100.9 ± 46.6 | 92.6 ± 37.6 | 0.11 | X | X | |||||||
| eGFR < 60 mL/min, n (%) | 19 (27.2%) | 48 (14.3%) | 0.008 | X | X | X | X | |||||
| Urea acid (umol/L) | 480.1 ± 113.3 | 150.1 ± 135.4 | 0.32 | X | X | |||||||
| Na (mmol/L) | 139.3 ± 3.7 | 140.3 ± 3.1 | 0.07 | X | X | X | X | |||||
| K (mmol/L) | 4.53 ± 0.48 | 4.57 ± 0.45 | 0.53 | |||||||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 6.3 ± 0.3 | 6.17 ± 1.7 | 0.56 | |||||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.18 ± 1.26 | 4.69 ± 1.12 | 0.0005 | X | ||||||||
| Cholesterol LDL (mmol/L) | 2.66 ± 1.00 | 3.00 ± 0.97 | 0.003 | |||||||||
| TSH (uIU/mL) | 2.19 ± 1.66 | 2.35 ± 2.61 | 0.69 | |||||||||
| hsTnT (ng/mL) | 0.016 ± 0.037 | 0.012 ± 0.071 | <0.0001 | X | X | |||||||
| CRP (mg/L) | 10.4 ± 15.3 | 7.3 ± 16.0 | 0.0007 | |||||||||
| log10 of NT‐proBNP | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.8 | <0.0001 | X | X | |||||||
| Therapy | ||||||||||||
| ACEI/ARB/ARNI, n (%) | 59 (84.3%) | 311 (92.6%) | 0.03 | X | X | X | ||||||
| BB, n (%) | 66 (94.3%) | 327 (97.6%) | 0.62 | X | X | X | ||||||
| MRA, n (%) | 64 (91.4%) | 292 (87.2%) | 0.32 | X | ||||||||
| Furosemide (mg/day) | 70.1 ± 87.4 | 40.5 ± 55.1 | 0.007 | X | X | |||||||
| Torsemide (mg/day) | 9.1 ± 18.9 | 5.8 ± 19.7 | 0.20 | X | X | |||||||
| Other diuretics, n (%) | 3 (4.3%) | 15 (4.5%) | 0.94 | X | ||||||||
| Anticoagulants, n (%) | 35 (50.0%) | 134 (39.9%) | 0.09 | |||||||||
| Digoxin, n (%) | 27 (38.6%) | 74 (22.2%) | 0.004 | |||||||||
| Ivabradine, n (%) | 3 (4.3%) | 32 (9.6%) | 0.15 | |||||||||
| Amiodarone, n (%) | 13 (18.6%) | 40 (11.9%) | 0.13 | |||||||||
| Statins, n (%) | 18 (25.7%) | 145 (43.3%) | 0.06 | X | X | |||||||
| Insulin, n (%) | 4 (5.7%) | 7 (2.1%) | 0.09 | |||||||||
| Allopurinol, n (%) | 9 (12.9%) | 32 (9.6%) | 0.40 | X | ||||||||
| ICD, n (%) | 10 (14.3%) | 29 (8.7%) | 0.15 | X | ||||||||
| CRT/CRT‐D, n (%) | 5 (7.1%) | 8 (2.4%) | 0.04 | X | ||||||||
ACEI, angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor‐neprilysin inhibitor; BB‐beta‐blocker; BCN Bio‐HF, Barcelona Bio‐Heart Failure; BMI, body mass index; CHARM, Candesartan in Heart Failure‐Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C‐reactive protein; CRT‐P/CRT‐D, cardiac resynchronization therapy‐pacemaker/defibrillator; CV, cardiovascular; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; EF, ejection fraction; EMPHASIS‐HF, Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization and Survival Study in Heart Failure; GISSI‐HF, Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico‐Heart Failure; Hb, haemoglobin; HF, heart failure; HR, heart rate; hs‐TnT, high‐sensitive troponin T; ICD, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; K, potassium; LAd, left atria dimeter; LAA/RAA, left/right atrium area; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LVEDd, left ventricle end‐diastolic diameter; MAGGIC, Meta‐Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure; MR, mitral regurgitation; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; MUSIC, MUerte Subita en Insuficiencia Cardiaca; Na, sodium; ns/sVT, non‐sustained/sustained ventricular tachycardia; NYHA, New York Heart Association; OPTIMIZE‐HF, Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure; PASP, pulmonary arterial systolic pressure; RVd, right ventricle basal diameter; SHFM, Seattle Heart Failure Model. TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; TSH, thyroid‐stimulating hormone; WBC, white blood cells.
The parameters included into analysed prognostic scores are presented in the Table 1 (the cross reflects the use of the parameter in the model). All parameters are presented as mean ± standard deviation if continuous or counts and percentages in the case of categorical variables.