Table 3.
Self-Reported Characteristics of Overestimators, Underestimators, and Accurate Patients
| n | Overall | Accurate | Overestimator | Underestimator | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 319 | 248 | 40 | 31 | |||
| Age (mean (SD)) | 62.26 (13.32) | 62.28 (13.05) | 66.30 (14.43) | 56.84 (12.46) | 0.012 | |
| Ethnic origin (%) | Asian or Pacific Islander | 10 (3.1) | 5 (2.0) | 4 (10.0) | 1 (3.2) | 0.099 |
| Black not Hispanic | 59 (18.5) | 49 (19.8) | 5 (12.5) | 5 (16.1) | ||
| Hispanic | 24 (7.5) | 16 (6.5) | 5 (12.5) | 3 (9.7) | ||
| Other | 3 (0.9) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.2) | ||
| Prefer not to answer | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| White not Hispanic | 221 (69.3) | 175 (70.6) | 25 (62.5) | 21 (67.7) | ||
| Sex (%) | Female | 144 (45.1) | 115 (46.4) | 14 (35.0) | 15 (48.4) | 0.389 |
| Male | 175 (54.9) | 133 (53.6) | 26 (65.0) | 16 (51.6) | ||
| Highest level of education completed (%) | Elementary/Middle School | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.717 |
| High School or GED equivalent | 49 (15.4) | 41 (16.5) | 3 (7.5) | 5 (16.1) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree | 119 (37.3) | 91 (36.7) | 19 (47.5) | 9 (29.0) | ||
| Master’s degree or above | 145 (45.5) | 110 (44.4) | 18 (45.0) | 17 (54.8) | ||
| Prefer not to answer | 4 (1.3) | 4 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Duration of diabetes (%) | Less than 5 years | 53 (16.6) | 48 (19.4) | 5 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| 5–10 years | 78 (24.5) | 64 (25.8) | 13 (32.5) | 1 (3.2) | ||
| More than 10 years | 182 (57.1) | 132 (53.2) | 20 (50.0) | 30 (96.8) | ||
| Unsure | 6 (1.9) | 4 (1.6) | 2 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Insulin use (%) | 75 (23.5) | 46 (18.5) | 8 (20.0) | 21 (67.7) | <0.001 | |
| Are you aware that diabetes can affect your vision? (%) | Yes | 315 (98.7) | 244 (98.4) | 40 (100.0) | 31 (100.0) | 1.000 |
| Do you know what diabetic retinopathy means? (%) | Yes | 235 (73.7) | 177 (71.4) | 31 (77.5) | 27 (87.1) | 0.157 |
| Have you ever been told that fluid is affecting your vision? (%) | Yes | 39 (12.2) | 19 (7.7) | 13 (32.5) | 7 (22.6) | <0.001 |
| Have you ever been told that you have new or abnormal blood vessels? (%) | Yes | 52 (16.3) | 31 (12.5) | 7 (17.5) | 14 (45.2) | <0.001 |
| Have you ever received laser treatment for diabetes? (%) | Yes | 40 (12.5) | 16 (6.5) | 7 (17.5) | 17 (54.8) | <0.001 |
| Have you ever received eye injections for diabetes? (%) | Yes | 22 (6.9) | 11 (4.4) | 2 (5.0) | 9 (29.0) | <0.001 |
| Is your blood sugar glucose well controlled? (%) | Fluctuates | 135 (42.3) | 104 (41.9) | 15 (37.5) | 16 (51.6) | 0.161 |
| No | 15 (4.7) | 12 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (9.7) | ||
| Yes | 169 (53.0) | 132 (53.2) | 25 (62.5) | 12 (38.7) | ||
| What was your last A1c measurement? (%) | Do not know | 21 (6.6) | 17 (6.9) | 4 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.226 |
| Greater than 7 | 124 (38.9) | 93 (37.5) | 14 (35.0) | 17 (54.8) | ||
| Less than 7 | 174 (54.5) | 138 (55.6) | 22 (55.0) | 14 (45.2) |
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.