TABLE 2.
Heart failure with recovered ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction vs. persistent heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: change from baseline to 1‐year follow up according to heart failure with recovered ejection fraction, persistent heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; echocardiographic, biomarker, and quality of life parameters
| Parameter (mean ± SE) | Difference/ratio in rate of change (Δβ1 a ) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comparators | HFrecEF (n = 95) | Persistent HFrEF (n = 56) | HFpEF/HFmrEF (n = 165) | HFrecEF vs. HFrEF | HFpEF/HFmrEF vs HFrEF | |||||
| Baseline | 12 months | Baseline | 12 months | Baseline | 12 months | Δβ1(95%CI) | P value | Δβ1 (95% CI) | P value | |
| Echocardiographic measurements | ||||||||||
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 44.8 ± 1.0 | 49.9 ± 1.0 | 24.7 ± 1.2 | 25.8 ± 1.6 | 58.0 ± 0.7 | 59.6 ± 0.8 | 4.0(0.15–7.90) | 0.042 | 0.51(−3.11–4.13) | 0.78 |
| RVSP+ | 31.9 ± 2.0 b | 32.8 ± 2.1 | 40.2 ± 2.8 | 39.5 ± 3.3 | 34.4 ± 1.6NS | 33.7 ± 1.6 | 1.04(0.82–1.33) | 0.72 | 1.0(0.80–1.24) | 0.96 |
| LVIDd (cm) | 5.37 ± 0.080 b | 5.32 ± 0.082 | 6.39 ± 0.10 | 6.33 ± 0.12 | 4.77 ± 0.06 b | 4.76 ± 0.062 | 0.013(−0.20–0.23) | 0.90 | 0.05(−0.15–0.25) | 0.62 |
| LVIDs (cm) | 4.09 ± 0.090 b | 3.94 ± 0.088 | 5.57 ± 0.11 | 5.50 ± 0.13 | 3.17 ± 0.064 b | 3.15 ± 0.067 | −0.088(−0.36–0.18) | 0.52 | 0.054(−0.19–0.30) | 0.67 |
| LAVi (mL/m2)+ | 31.8 ± 1.5 b | 33.1 ± 1.6 | 42.7 ± 2.6 | 45.0 ± 3.1 | 36.1 ± 1.3 b | 36.4 ± 1.3 | 0.99(0.86–1.13) | 0.86 | 0.95(0.84–1.08) | 0.46 |
| Biomarkers | ||||||||||
| BNP+ (pmol/mL) | 96.7 ± 11.84 b | 87.0 ± 11.0 | 282.7 ± 41.8 | 269.9 ± 43.6 | 121.4 ± 10.7 b | 117.6 ± 10.6 | 0.94(0.72–1.24) | 0.67 | 1.01(0.79–1.30) | 0.89 |
|
NT‐proBNP+ (pmol/mL) |
61.2 ± 9.1 b | 50.8 ± 7.8 | 174.0 ± 31.3 | 170.3 ± 33.2 | 64.6 ± 7.0 b | 67.3 ± 7.4 | 0.85(0.62–1.16) | 0.30 | 1.07(0.80–1.42) | 0.66 |
|
Troponin+ (ng/L) |
0.012 ± 0.0017 b | 0.0096 ± 0.0014 | 0.017 ± 0.0028 | 0.025 ± 0.0048 | 0.01 ± 0.001 b | 0.011 ± 0.0011 | 0.55(0.33–0.86) | 0.010 | 0.76(0.48–1.14) | 0.17 |
| Haemoglobin (mg/dL) | 140.4 ± 1.9NS | 139.9 ± 2.0 | 137.2 ± 2.6 | 137.1 ± 2.9 | 133.1 ± 1.5NS | 132.0 ± 1.5 | −0.37(−7.06–6.32) | 0.91 | −0.93(−3.25–9.56) | 0.33 |
| ALT+ (IU/mL) | 23.3 ± 1.5NS | 26.9 ± 6.3 | 27.5 ± 2.4 | 23.2 ± 5.5 | 22.1 ± 1.1NS | 25.8 ± 3.7 | 1.36(0.56–3.31) | 0.41 | 1.41(0.68–2.93) | 0.28 |
|
Creatinine+ (umol/L) |
92.7 ± 3.5 b | 96.5 ± 3.6 | 107.3 ± 5.3 | 105.5 ± 5.6 | 104.3 ± 2.9NS | 106.4 ± 3.1 | 1.06(0.96–1.17) | 0.26 | 1.04(0.95–1.14) | 0.43 |
|
Potassium (mmol/L) |
4.45 ± 0.05NS | 4.55 ± 0.05 | 4.56 ± 0.07 | 4.47 ± 0.08 | 4.37 ± 0.038 b | 4.33 ± 0.04 | 0.19(−0.03–0.41) | 0.09 | 0.06(−0.14–0.27) | 0.55 |
|
Sodium+ (pmol/mL) |
139.8 ± 0.4 | 139.4 ± 0.4 | 139.4 ± 0.5 | 139.2 ± 0.6 | 140.0 ± 0.3 | 139.4 ± 0.3 | 1.00(0.99–1.01) | 0.82 | 1.00(0.99–1.01) | 0.63 |
| Quality of life | ||||||||||
| KCCQ Clinical Score | 77.0 ± 2.2 | 77.0 ± 2.2 | 75.8 ± 2.8 | 77.7 ± 3.2 | 69.1 ± 1.67 | 68.3 ± 1.73 | −1.83(−7.6–3.92) | 0.53 | −2.69(−8.09–2.72) | 0.33 |
| KCCQ Overall Score | 73.6 ± 2.3 | 74.5 ± 2.4 | 72.5 ± 3.0 | 74.0 ± 3.3 | 67.9 ± 1.74 | 67.4 ± 1.8 | −0.68(−6.66–5.30) | 0.82 | −2.08(−7.7–3.54) | 0.47 |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; HFpEF/HFmrEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrecEF, heart failure with recovered left ventricular ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction; KCCQ, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; LAVi, left atrial volume index; LVESVi, left ventricular end systolic volume index; LVIDd, left ventricular end diastolic dimension; LVIDs, end systolic left ventricular dimension; NS, not significant baseline difference compared with persistent HFrEF group; NT‐proBNP, N‐Terminal brain natriuretic peptide; RVESVi, right ventricular end systolic volume index; RVSP, estimated right ventricular systolic pressure.
Δ β1 is the derived from fixed effect slope in the random effects model and it measures the difference in the rate of change or the ratio of the rates of changes (for variables indicated ‘+’ for which the model was fitted in a log‐scale).
Significant difference (P < 0.05) at baseline compared with persistent HFrEF.