Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of HFpEF patients and controls of similar age and gender
| Controls (n = 31) | HFpEF (n = 143) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 75 ± 6 | 78 ± 8 | 0.06 |
| Female (n, %) | 19 (61%) | 87 (61%) | 0.96 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26 ± 4 | 29 ± 6 | 0.015 |
| Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 113 ± 16 | 95 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| NYHA functional classes III and IV (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 62 (43%) | <0.001 |
| Medical history | |||
| Atrial fibrillation (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 88 (62%) | <0.001 |
| Ischaemic cardiomyopathy (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 50 (35%) | <0.001 |
| Previous heart failure episode (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 103 (72%) | <0.001 |
| Previous valvular surgery (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 16 (11%) | 0.051 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 14 (10%) | 0.070 |
| Sleep apnoea (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 18 (13%) | 0.037 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||
| Smoking (n, %) | 7 (23%) | 61 (43%) | 0.038 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 19 (61%) | 134 (94%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 6 (19%) | 55 (38%) | 0.044 |
| Family history of CV disease (n, %) | 5 (16%) | 30 (21%) | 0.5 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (n, %) | 26 (84%) | 95 (66%) | 0,056 |
| Medication | |||
| Loop diuretic (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 101 (71%) | <0.001 |
| Thiazide (n, %) | 2 (6%) | 30 (21%) | 0.059 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (n, %) | 0 (0%) | 29 (20%) | 0.006 |
| Beta‐blocker (n, %) | 3 (10%) | 95 (66%) | <0.001 |
| ACEI or ARB (n, %) | 13 (42%) | 99 (69%) | 0.004 |
| Antiaggregant (n, %) | 8 (26%) | 59 (42%) | 0.10 |
| Oral anticoagulant (n, %) | 1 (3%) | 79 (55%) | <0.001 |
| Statins (n, %) | 8 (26%) | 64 (45%) | 0.053 |
| Biology | |||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.9 ± 1.4 | 11.7 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 203 ± 45 | 154 ± 45 | <0.001 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) by CK‐EPI | 63 ± 15 | 49 ± 19 | <0.001 |
| NT‐proBNP (pg/mL) | 117 (73; 158) | 1,261 (589; 2,663) | <0.001 |
| Hs TnT (pg/mL) | 7 (6; 11) | 26 (15; 38) | <0.001 |
| Iron (μg/dL) | 94 ± 33 | 77 ± 60 | 0.15 |
| Ferritin (μg/L) | 158 ± 167 | 231 ± 281 | 0.17 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.47 ± 0.14 | 2.39 ± 0.30 | 0.15 |
| Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 1.08 ± 0.17 | 1.19 ± 0.26 | 0.017 |
| Intact PTH (pg/mL) | 43 ± 23 | 68 ± 53 | 0.011 |
| 25OH‐Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 33 ± 15 | 25 ± 16 | 0.016 |
| Soluble ST2 (ng/mL) | 24 (21; 31) | 42 (31; 60) | <0.001 |
| FGF‐23 (RU/mL) | 61 (51; 68) | 247 (115; 548) | <0.001 |
| Echo study | |||
| LA volume index (mL/m2) | 20 ± 6 | 46 ± 19 | <0.001 |
| LV EDV index (mL/m2) | 59 ± 10 | 67 ± 18 | 0.024 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 65 ± 5 | 63 ± 7 | 0.055 |
| LV Endo GLS (%) | −21.0 ± 2.5 | −16.5 ± 3.2 | <0.001 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 71 ± 16 | 96 ± 26 | <0.001 |
| E wave velocity (m/s) | 55 ± 10 | 94 ± 31 | <0.001 |
| Septal e′ (m/s) | 7.3 ± 1.8 | 6.9 ± 2.2 | 0.003 |
| E/e′ septal ratio | 9.5 ± 1.8 | 19.4 ± 8.7 | <0.001 |
| RV/RA gradient (mmHg) | 18 ± 5 | 33 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| RV fractional area change (%) | 47 ± 7 | 41 ± 9 | 0.001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 24 ± 4 | 19 ± 5 | <0.001 |
| cMR study | n = 31 | n = 121 | |
| LA volume index (mL/m2) | 31 ± 9 | 67 ± 29 | <0.001 |
| LV EDV index (mL/m2) | 64 ± 11 | 74 ± 19 | 0.009 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 66 ± 6 | 63 ± 8 | 0.030 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 57 ± 12 | 68 ± 15 | 0.001 |
| RV EDV index (mL/m2) | 68 ± 10 | 82 ± 27 | 0.005 |
| RV ejection fraction (%) | 61 ± 7 | 57 ± 9 | 0.001 |
| ECV (%) | 27.8 ± 2.4 | 32.7 ± 4.9 | 0.001 |
| Late gadolinium enhancement (%) | 0 (0%) | 1.5 ± 2.6 | 0.001 |
CK‐EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; ECV, extracellular volume; EDV, end‐diastolic volume; FGF‐23, fibroblast growth factor 23; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; GLS, global longitudinal strain; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; hsTnT, high‐sensitivity troponinT; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; NT‐proBNP, N terminal pro brain natriuretuic peptide; PTH, parathormon; RV, right ventricle; ST2, soluble suppression tumourigenicity 2; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
Values are mean ± SD or median [IQR: 0.25; 0.75].