Table 2.
Clinical and imaging parameters according to tertiles of FGF‐23 in HFpEF
| FGF‐23 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Tertile 1 n = 47 (<134 RU/mL) |
Tertile 2 n = 47 (134–406 RU/mL) |
Tertile 3 n = 48 (>406 RU/mL) |
P‐for trend | |
| Baseline characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 78 ± 9 | 78 ± 8 | 79 ± 9 | 0.57 |
| Female (n, %) | 20 (43%) | 33 (69%) | 34 (71%) | 0.005 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28 ± 5 | 30 ± 7 | 27 ± 6 | 0.51 |
| Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 97 ± 15 | 98 ± 11 | 90 ± 13 | 0.021 |
| NYHA functional classes III and IV (n, %) | 18 (38%) | 19 (40%) | 25 (52%) | 0.18 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation (n, %) | 22 (47%) | 30 (63%) | 36 (75%) | 0.005 |
| Ischaemic cardiomyopathy (n, %) | 18 (38%) | 14 (29%) | 18 (38%) | 0.94 |
| Previous heart failure episode (n, %) | 29 (62%) | 37 (77%) | 37 (77%) | 0.097 |
| Previous valvular surgery (n, %) | 5 (11%) | 4 (8%) | 7 (15%) | 0.54 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n, %) | 5 (11%) | 6 (13%) | 3 (6%) | 0.47 |
| Sleep apnoea (n, %) | 4 (9%) | 8 (17%) | 6 (13%) | 0.57 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Smoking (n, %) | 24 (51%) | 17 (35%) | 20 (42%) | 0.36 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 41 (87%) | 47 (98%) | 46 (96%) | 0.087 |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 15 (32%) | 17 (35%) | 23 (48%) | 0.11 |
| Family history of CV disease (n, %) | 12 (26%) | 8 (17%) | 10 (21%) | 0.58 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (n, %) | 29 (62%) | 32 (67%) | 34 (71%) | 0.35 |
| Medication | ||||
| Loop diuretic (n, %) | 27 (57%) | 35 (73%) | 40 (85%) | 0.011 |
| Thiazide (n, %) | 13 (27%) | 11(23%) | 6 (13%) | 0.25 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (n, %) | 5 (10%) | 10 (21%) | 14 (30%) | 0.06 |
| Beta‐blocker (n, %) | 31 (65%) | 33 (69%) | 32 (68%) | 0.90 |
| ACEI or ARB (n, %) | 33(69%) | 33 (69%) | 32 (68%) | 0.99 |
| Antiaggregant (n, %) | 23 (48%) | 22 (46%) | 14 (30%) | 0.15 |
| Oral anticoagulant (n, %) | 20 (42%) | 28 (58%) | 32 (68%) | 0.032 |
| Statins (n, %) | 24 (51%) | 23 (49%) | 17 (38%) | 0.40 |
| Biology | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.6 ± 2.1 | 11.9 ± 1.7 | 10.8 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) by CKD‐EPI | 60 ± 20 | 44 ± 17 | 44 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| NT‐proBNP (pg/mL) | 750 (360; 1289) | 1201 (628; 2177) | 2441 (1013; 4075) | <0.001 |
| Hs TnT (pg/mL) | 16 (12; 31) | 28 (18; 37) | 33 (18; 42) | <0.001 |
| Iron (μg/dL) | 84 ± 50 | 77 ± 49 | 71 ± 78 | 0.29 |
| Ferritin (μg/L) | 300 ± 360 | 230 ± 198 | 164 ± 254 | 0.021 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.35 ± 0.41 | 2.45 ± 0.23 | 2.37 ± 0.23 | 0.76 |
| Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 1.13 ± 0.15 | 1.23 ± 0.28 | 1.22 ± 0.31 | 0.078 |
| Intact PTH (pg/mL) | 50 ± 28 | 71 ± 39 | 84 ± 76 | 0.003 |
| 25OH‐Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 23 ± 15 | 27 ± 16 | 26 ± 18 | 0.39 |
| Soluble ST2 (ng/mL) | 35 (26; 56) | 42 (32; 57) | 47 (36; 69) | 0.027 |
| FGF‐23 (RU/mL) | 89 (60; 110) | 245 (160; 311) | 701 (549; 1131) | <0.001 |
| Echo study | ||||
| LA volume index (mL/m2) | 44 ± 21 | 41 ± 12 | 52 ± 20 | 0.030 |
| LV EDV index (mL/m2) | 69 ± 16 | 64 ± 16 | 68 ± 22 | 0.63 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 62 ± 7 | 63 ± 8 | 63 ± 8 | 0.58 |
| LV Endo GLS (%) | −16.3 ± 3.5 | −16.5 ± 3.1 | −16.8 ± 2.9 | 0.45 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 97 ± 26 | 92 ± 22 | 99 ± 31 | 0.79 |
| E wave velocity (m/s) | 89 ± 32 | 91 ± 29 | 101 ± 31 | 0.068 |
| Septal e′ (m/s) | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 0.93 |
| E/e′ septal ratio | 18.8 ± 9.2 | 18.5 ± 7.8 | 20.8 ± 9.2 | 0.27 |
| RV/RA gradient (mmHg) | 31 ± 9 | 32 ± 11 | 34 ± 12 | 0.17 |
| RV/RA gradient >37 mmHg | 14 (30%) | 14 (29%) | 18 (38%) | 0.42 |
| RV fractional area change (%) | 44 ± 7 | 40 ± 10 | 40 ± 9 | 0.027 |
| RV fractional area change<35% (n, %) | 4 (5%) | 12 (15%) | 29 (35%) | <0,001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 20 ± 5 | 19 ± 5 | 17 ± 6 | 0.030 |
| TAPSE <17 mm (n, %) | 6 (7%) | 14 (17%) | 42 (51%) | <0.001 |
| cMR study | ||||
| LA volume index (mL/m2) | 62 ± 36 | 64 ± 21 | 76 ± 26 | 0.030 |
| LV EDV index (mL/m2) | 76 ± 20 | 70 ± 18 | 74 ± 19 | 0.62 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 63 ± 8 | 62 ± 9 | 63 ± 7 | 0.94 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 69 ± 15 | 65 ± 12 | 69 ± 18 | 0.82 |
| RV EDV index (mL/m2) | 75 ± 20 | 78 ± 22 | 93 ± 34 | 0.003 |
| RV ejection fraction (%) | 59 ± 7 | 57 ± 8 | 54 ± 9 | 0.003 |
| RV ejection fraction <45% (n, %) | 5 (6%) | 5 (6%) | 11 (17%) | 0.029 |
| ECV (%) | 31.7 ± 5.2 | 31.4 ± 3.3 | 35.5 ± 5.0 | <0.001 |
| Late gadolinium enhancement (%) | 1.1 ± 2.6 | 1.7 ± 2.3 | 1.8 ± 2.8 | 0.26 |
CK‐EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; ECV, extracellular volumeEDV, end‐diastolic volume; FGF‐23, fibroblast growth factor 23; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; GLS, global longitudinal strain; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; hsTnT, high‐sensitivity troponinT; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; NT‐proBNP, N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; PTH, parathormon; RV, right ventricle; ST2, soluble suppression tumourigenicity 2; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.
Values are mean ± SD or median [IQR 0.25; 0.75]. P‐value obtained by P for trend analysis.