Table 1.
Patient profiles at discharge
| <80 years old | ≥80 years old | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Full medication | GDMT only | Non‐GDMT | P value | All | Full medication | GDMT only | Non‐GDMT | P value | <80 vs. ≥80 | |
| n = 661 | n = 352 | n = 172 | n = 137 | n = 224 | n = 75 | n = 59 | n = 90 | P value | |||
| Age (years) | 62.5 ± 13.2 | 60.3 ± 14 | 63.3 ± 13 | 67.4 ± 9.6 | <0.001 | 84.7 ± 4 | 83.7 ± 3.7 | 84.7 ± 4.1 | 85.5 ± 4 | 0.008 | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 483 (73.1) | 261 (74.1) | 134 (77.9) | 88 (64.2) | 0.02 | 151 (67.4) | 56 (74.7) | 40 (67.8) | 55 (61.1) | 0.18 | 0.11 |
| Hospital duration (days) | 25.4 ± 22.8 | 28.2 ± 24.8 | 22.7 ± 20.9 | 21.5 ± 18.3 | <0.001 | 23 ± 14.8 | 20.1 ± 10 | 25.4 ± 19.6 | 23.8 ± 14.2 | 0.38 | 0.997 |
| Emergency hospitalization (%) | 366 (55.4) | 191 (54.3) | 93 (54.1) | 82 (59.9) | 0.51 | 179 (79.9) | 61 (81.3) | 45 (76.3) | 73 (81.1) | 0.72 | <0.001 |
| Medical history | |||||||||||
| Hypertension (%) | 400 (60.5) | 194 (55.1) | 126 (73.3) | 80 (58.4) | <0.001 | 183 (81.7) | 62 (82.7) | 49 (83.1) | 72 (80) | 0.86 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia (%) | 361 (54.6) | 197 (56) | 95 (55.2) | 69 (50.4) | 0.53 | 121 (54) | 47 (62.7) | 30 (50.8) | 44 (48.9) | 0.18 | 0.88 |
| Diabetes (%) | 272 (41.1) | 143 (40.6) | 79 (45.9) | 50 (36.5) | 0.24 | 92 (41.1) | 36 (48) | 20 (33.9) | 36 (40) | 0.25 | 0.98 |
| Smoking (%) | 365 (55.2) | 186 (52.8) | 100 (58.1) | 79 (57.7) | 0.42 | 106 (47.3) | 43 (57.3) | 31 (52.5) | 32 (35.6) | 0.01 | 0.04 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 277 (41.9) | 151 (42.9) | 68 (39.5) | 58 (42.3) | 0.76 | 123 (54.9) | 39 (52) | 33 (55.9) | 51 (56.7) | 0.82 | <0.001 |
| Haemodialysis (%) | 74 (11.2) | 6 (1.7) | 39 (22.7) | 29 (21.2) | <0.001 | 10 (4.5) | 1 (1.3) | 4 (6.8) | 5 (5.6) | 0.26 | 0.002 |
| COPD (%) | 36 (5.4) | 12 (3.4) | 11 (6.4) | 13 (9.5) | 0.02 | 20 (8.9) | 7 (9.3) | 4 (6.8) | 9 (10) | 0.79 | 0.07 |
| PM (%) | 77 (11.6) | 35 (9.9) | 24 (14) | 18 (13.1) | 0.34 | 25 (11.2) | 9 (12) | 8 (13.6) | 8 (8.9) | 0.65 | 0.84 |
| ICD (%) | 143 (21.6) | 106 (30.1) | 16 (9.3) | 21 (15.3) | <0.001 | 24 (10.7) | 10 (13.3) | 5 (8.5) | 9 (10) | 0.64 | <0.001 |
| CRT (%) | 113 (17.1) | 84 (23.9) | 19 (11) | 10 (7.3) | <0.001 | 11 (4.9) | 2 (2.7) | 6 (10.2) | 3 (3.3) | 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Prior PCI (%) | 133 (20.1) | 62 (17.6) | 35 (20.3) | 36 (26.3) | 0.1 | 73 (32.6) | 23 (30.7) | 22 (37.3) | 28 (31.1) | 0.67 | <0.001 |
| Prior CABG (%) | 59 (8.9) | 33 (9.4) | 11 (6.4) | 15 (10.9) | 0.35 | 35 (15.6) | 13 (17.3) | 11 (18.6) | 11 (12.2) | 0.51 | 0.005 |
| Stroke (%) | 87 (13.2) | 43 (12.2) | 15 (8.7) | 29 (21.2) | 0.004 | 56 (25) | 16 (21.3) | 13 (22) | 27 (30) | 0.37 | <0.001 |
| Family history of cardiac event (%) | 225 (34) | 114 (32.4) | 62 (36) | 49 (35.8) | 0.63 | 42 (18.8) | 19 (25.3) | 11 (18.6) | 12 (13.3) | 0.15 | <0.001 |
| Cause of HF Ischaemic (%) | 131 (19.8) | 60 (17) | 42 (24.4) | 29 (21.2) | 0.13 | 79 (35.3) | 37 (49.3) | 20 (33.9) | 22 (24.4) | 0.004 | <0.001 |
| Cardiomyopathy (%) | 224 (33.9) | 150 (42.6) | 47 (27.3) | 27 (19.7) | <0.001 | 22 (9.8) | 8 (10.7) | 6 (10.2) | 8 (8.9) | 0.93 | <0.001 |
| Arrhythmogenic (%) | 114 (17.2) | 59 (16.8) | 34 (19.8) | 21 (15.3) | 0.56 | 51 (22.8) | 18 (24) | 12 (20.3) | 21 (23.3) | 0.87 | 0.07 |
| Valvular (%) | 102 (15.4) | 43 (12.2) | 22 (12.8) | 37 (27) | <0.001 | 45 (20.1) | 10 (13.3) | 13 (22) | 22 (24.4) | 0.19 | 0.11 |
| Others (%) | 16 (2.4) | 9 (2.6) | 3 (1.7) | 4 (2.9) | 0.78 | 5 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) | 4 (4.4) | 0.15 | 0.87 |
| Clinical profile | |||||||||||
| Body mass index (dis) (kg/m2) | 22.4 ± 4.6 | 22.8 ± 4.7 | 22.3 ± 4.3 | 21.3 ± 4.6 | 0.006 | 20.8 ± 3.3 | 21 ± 3.6 | 21.1 ± 2.7 | 20.4 ± 3.3 | 0.33 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (dis) (mmHg) | 109.7 ± 18.9 | 104.2 ± 15.6 | 118.8 ± 21 | 112.4 ± 18.8 | <0.001 | 117.3 ± 16.2 | 113.2 ± 14.8 | 121.2 ± 17.6 | 118.2 ± 15.5 | 0.008 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (dis) (mmHg) | 60.7 ± 10.2 | 59.3 ± 9.6 | 64.1 ± 10.9 | 60.3 ± 9.8 | <0.001 | 60.5 ± 8.4 | 59.6 ± 8.8 | 61.1 ± 7.8 | 60.9 ± 8.4 | 0.23 | 0.76 |
| Heart rate (dis) (beats/min) | 71.2 ± 12 | 70.3 ± 11.2 | 72.5 ± 12.6 | 71.7 ± 13 | 0.19 | 70.5 ± 12.1 | 70.3 ± 12.7 | 70.9 ± 9.6 | 70.5 ± 13.1 | 0.82 | 0.52 |
| Laboratory data at discharge | |||||||||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.5 ± 2.3 | 13 ± 2.1 | 12 ± 2.3 | 11.7 ± 2.3 | <0.001 | 11.5 ± 1.8 | 12 ± 1.9 | 11.3 ± 1.6 | 11.2 ± 1.8 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (mg/dL) | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 0.24 | <0.001 |
| T‐Bil (mg/dL) | 0.9 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 29.5 ± 17.4 | 25.4 ± 13.8 | 32.8 ± 18.6 | 35.9 ± 21.2 | <0.001 | 35 ± 17.5 | 33.9 ± 16.3 | 33.7 ± 16.4 | 36.8 ± 19.1 | 0.65 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.008 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.16 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 48.7 ± 35.9 | 51.6 ± 40.8 | 43.8 ± 27.0 | 45.1 ± 25.1 | 0.007 | 37.9 ± 22.7 | 36.8 ± 16.1 | 37.8 ± 22.6 | 38.9 ± 27.1 | 0.44 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mEq/L dis) | 137.8 ± 8 | 138.3 ± 3.4 | 137.9 ± 10.9 | 136.7 ± 11.5 | 0.03 | 138.7 ± 3.6 | 137.8 ± 4 | 139.2 ± 3.3 | 139.1 ± 3.1 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 0.48 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.6 | 0.82 | 0.51 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.9 ± 1.8 | 0.7 ± 1.8 | 1 ± 1.7 | 1.1 ± 1.9 | 0.004 | 0.9 ± 1.6 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 1.5 | 1.1 ± 2.1 | 0.42 | 0.67 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 502 ± 692.6 | 346.5 ± 356.3 | 708.3 ± 981.2 | 692.1 ± 855.9 | <0.001 | 674.1 ± 788 | 414.3 ± 263.7 | 908 ± 944.4 | 723.5 ± 892 | 0.01 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.5 ± 1.3 | 6.5 ± 1.2 | 6.4 ± 1.1 | 6.4 ± 1.6 | 0.13 | 6.3 ± 1 | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 1 | 6.2 ± 1.1 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
| T‐cho (mg/dL) | 166.9 ± 44.9 | 167.6 ± 48.1 | 168.2 ± 41.7 | 162.9 ± 39.5 | 0.52 | 156.8 ± 39 | 160.1 ± 48.8 | 153.7 ± 29.6 | 155.9 ± 33.9 | 0.95 | 0.01 |
| LDL‐cho (mg/dL) | 95.7 ± 35.8 | 98 ± 38.6 | 94.9 ± 31.8 | 90.1 ± 31.9 | 0.09 | 86.7 ± 30.4 | 89 ± 36 | 82.3 ± 24.8 | 87.9 ± 27.9 | 0.52 | 0.002 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 114.6 ± 82.5 | 114.9 ± 85.3 | 121.5 ± 84.2 | 103.6 ± 69.3 | 0.29 | 80.7 ± 38.6 | 78.4 ± 34.5 | 84.5 ± 38.3 | 80 ± 42.3 | 0.56 | <0.001 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||||||||||
| LVEF (%) | 32.3 ± 9.3 | 29.7 ± 8.9 | 34.5 ± 8.6 | 36.1 ± 9.1 | <0.001 | 36.9 ± 8.3 | 35.8 ± 8 | 37.5 ± 9 | 37.5 ± 8 | 0.27 | <0.001 |
| LVDd (mm) | 60.8 ± 10.9 | 63.8 ± 11.4 | 58.5 ± 8.5 | 55.4 ± 9.3 | <0.001 | 53.9 ± 9.9 | 54.6 ± 9.8 | 54.7 ± 9.9 | 52.6 ± 10 | 0.27 | <0.001 |
| E/e′ | 18.3 ± 8.7 | 18.1 ± 8.6 | 18.2 ± 8.7 | 18.9 ± 8.9 | 0.73 | 19.9 ± 8.9 | 19.6 ± 8.7 | 19.5 ± 9.1 | 20.3 ± 9 | 0.8 | 0.02 |
| RVSP (mmHg) | 40 ± 13.4 | 40.6 ± 14.1 | 39.2 ± 12.3 | 39.1 ± 12.6 | 0.68 | 43.5 ± 13.7 | 43 ± 12.8 | 44.1 ± 15.5 | 43.6 ± 13.5 | 0.99 | 0.001 |
| FAC (%) | 30.1 ± 11.2 | 30.6 ± 11.8 | 29.6 ± 9.8 | 28.8 ± 10.7 | 0.79 | 34.4 ± 8 | 32.4 ± 5.4 | 28.9 ± 4.9 | 38 ± 8.6 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 15.5 ± 4.8 | 14.8 ± 4.6 | 16 ± 4.5 | 16.7 ± 5.2 | 0.003 | 16 ± 4.6 | 14.9 ± 4.1 | 17.2 ± 3.9 | 16.1 ± 5.1 | 0.05 | 0.25 |
| Medication use at discharge | |||||||||||
| Beta‐blockers (%) | 570 (86.2) | 352 (100) | 172 (100) | 46 (33.6) | <0.001 | 147 (65.6) | 75 (100) | 59 (100) | 13 (14.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ACEi or ARBs (%) | 567 (85.8) | 352 (100) | 172 (100) | 43 (31.4) | <0.001 | 182 (81.3) | 75 (100) | 59 (100) | 47 (52.2) | <0.001 | 0.10 |
| ACEi (%) | 312 (47.2) | 217 (61.6) | 77 (44.8) | 18 (13.1) | <0.001 | 82 (36.6) | 41 (54.7) | 27 (45.8) | 14 (15.6) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ARBs (%) | 256 (38.7) | 135 (38.4) | 96 (55.8) | 25 (18.2) | <0.001 | 101 (45.1) | 34 (45.3) | 32 (54.2) | 34 (37.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| MRAs (%) | 416 (62.9) | 352 (100) | 0 (0) | 64 (46.7) | <0.001 | 111 (49.6) | 75 (100) | 0 (0) | 36 (40.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Furosemide (%) | 530 (80.2) | 315 (89.5) | 117 (68) | 97 (70.8) | <0.001 | 193 (86.2) | 70 (93.3) | 48 (81.4) | 75 (83.3) | 0.08 | 0.05 |
| Furosemide dose (mg) | 28.9 ± 26.9 | 30.3 ± 21.4 | 25 ± 30.5 | 30.1 ± 33.6 | <0.001 | 31.8 ± 25.3 | 31.5 ± 20 | 31.3 ± 26.4 | 32.3 ± 28.3 | 0.77 | 0.06 |
| Thiazide (%) | 89 (13.5) | 41 (11.6) | 18 (10.5) | 31 (22.6) | 0.26 | 30 (13.4) | 11 (14.7) | 7 (11.9) | 12 (13.3) | 0.89 | 0.62 |
| Thienopyridine (%) | 92 (13.9) | 44 (12.5) | 31 (18) | 17 (12.4) | 0.2 | 55 (24.6) | 25 (33.3) | 13 (22) | 17 (18.9) | 0.09 | 0.008 |
| OAC (%) | 333 (50.4) | 190 (54) | 76 (44.2) | 67 (48.9) | 0.1 | 116 (51.8) | 44 (58.7) | 27 (45.8) | 45 (50) | 0.3 | 0.72 |
| Calcium channel blockers (%) | 114 (17.2) | 37 (10.5) | 44 (25.6) | 33 (24.1) | <0.001 | 70 (31.3) | 25 (33.3) | 16 (27.1) | 29 (32.2) | 0.72 | <0.001 |
| Inotrope (%) | 173 (26.2) | 111 (31.5) | 33 (19.2) | 30 (21.9) | 0.006 | 28 (12.5) | 9 (12) | 7 (11.9) | 12 (13.3) | 0.95 | <0.001 |
| Statins (%) | 291 (44) | 160 (45.5) | 75 (43.6) | 55 (40.1) | 0.53 | 106 (47.3) | 40 (53.3) | 31 (52.5) | 35 (38.9) | 0.19 | 0.39 |
ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C‐reactive protein; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FAC, fractional area change; GDMT, guideline‐directed medical therapy; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HF, heart failure; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LDL‐cho, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVDd, left ventricular diastolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRAs, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; OAC, oral anticoagulant; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PM, pacemaker; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; T‐Bil, total bilirubin; T‐cho, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.