Figure 7.

Menaquinone biosynthesis is reduced by antibiotics. (a) Significant differences in gene copy number due to antibiotic treatment were predicted in menaquinone metabolism genes (menA, menD, menH, and wrbA) in PRE-PK samples. (b) Copy numbers of menA gene from Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides uniformis, and Muribaculum intestinale were determined by qPCR and show decreased gene copies in antibiotic-treated mice. P-values computed using a Kruskal–Wallis test followed by a Dunn’s multiple comparison test. *p < .05, **p < .01, and ***p < .001.