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. 2020 May 26;11(5):1362–1373. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1756150

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© 2020 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.

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Figure 2. — Effects of ethnicity, delivery mode, breastfeeding status and maternal education on the infant gut microbiota over time. A. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination biplots illustrating the individual effects of ethnicity, delivery mode, breastfeeding status and maternal education on the variation of infant gut microbiota at four time points (3M, 6M, 12M, and 24M) without adjustment for covariates. B-E. Partial CCA ordination biplots illustrating the independent effects of ethnicity (b), delivery mode (c), breastfeeding status (d) and maternal education (e) on infant gut microbiota after adjusting for the covariates. B-E: At 3M, ethnicity, delivery mode, and breastfeeding status were all used as covariates and adjusted mutually; From 6 M to 24 M, only ethnicity and delivery mode were regarded as covariates and adjusted mutually. The significance of the effects of the environmental variable was tested using the Monte-Carlo Permutation Procedure (MCPP) on each environmental variable.