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. 2020 Sep 6;12(1):1810530. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1810530

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© 2020 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Gastrointestinal tolerance.

a: results of the Bristol stool scale (stool frequency and consistency) and the defecation questionnaire measuring urgency, facility and emptying. Data are expressed as mean±sem. NA: non applicable. Mixed-effects analysis were performed for detecting the treatment effect throughout the intervention. Mixed-effects analysis showed a significant effect of treatment on the evolution of level of emergency, and defecation facility, during the intervention (level of emergency, p < .05). b: gastrointestinal symptoms including discomfort, nausea, flatulence, cramp, burp, bloating, rumbling and reflux. Mixed-effects analysis were performed for detecting the treatment effect throughout the intervention. No significant difference was observed for any symptoms. c-d: Fecal concentrations of zonulin and calprotectin.