Table 1.

Characteristics of scientific studies included in this review

Study	No. of animals	No. of indiv. herds	Herd location(s)	Detection methods	Ages of sampled calves	Type of production	Prevalence of C. parvum infection
Al Mawly et al. (2015b)	1283	97	New Zealand	Immunofluorescence and PCR	1–5 or 9–21 days old	Dairy	5.8% 1–5 days old; 16% when 9–21 days old
Brook et al. (2008)	Max. 215	41	UK (NW England)	Stained microscopy confirmed by PCR	< 100 days, median ~ 26 days	Mix	28% of samples
Díaz et al. (2018)	Max. 147	22	Italy	Microscopy and PCR	< 35 days	Dairy	38.8% of samples
Imre et al. (2015)	428	20	Romania	ELISA	1–30 days	Mix	37.4% overall; peak 49.3% at 8–14 days old
Maddox-Hyttel et al. (2006)	377	Up to 50	Denmark	Epifluorescence microscopy	< 1 month old	Dairy	98%
Matoock et al. (2005)	106	1	Egypt	Microscopy and ELISA	< 8 weeks old	Dairy	10.6% overall; 4.4% at 7–8 weeks to 26.5% 2–4 weeks
Silverlås et al. (2009b)	500	50	Sweden	Epifluorescence microscopy	≤ 2 months old	Dairy	96% of herds; 0–71% within herds
Sischo et al. (2000)	486	11	USA, New England	Immunofluorescence microscopy	≤3 months old	Dairy	2% (4–8 weeks old) to 15% (0–3 weeks)
Starkey et al. (2005)	Unclear (hundreds)	39	USA, NY	Contrast microscopy and ELISA	Newborn	Dairy	Unclear
Szonyi et al. (2012)	391	44	USA, NY	PCR RNA	< 65 days old	Dairy	59.1% < 1 month old, 5.2% 1–2 months old
Trotz-Williams et al. (2007)	1045	11	Ontario, Canada	PCR	< 30 days old	Dairy	78% of all calves samples at least 4 times
Trotz-Williams et al. (2008)	1089	119	Ontario, Canada	PCR	7–28 days	Dairy	30%, 0–80% within individual herds
Urie et al. (2018)	2249	104	USA (coast to coast)	Immunofluorescence microscopy	3–66 days (mean 22 days)	Dairy	43.10%
Weber et al. (2016)	63	20	Switzerland	ELISA	Up to 6 weeks old	Mix, mostly dairy	~ 50%