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. 2020 Sep 26;12(9):1032–1049. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i9.1032

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©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells treated with combinations of cytokines. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were stimulated with different combinations of interferon-gamma (5 ng/mL), tumor necrosis factor alpha (5 ng/mL), and/or IL-1β (5 ng/mL) for 72 h. A: Expression levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 of cytokine-stimulated mesenchymal stem cells measured by western blotting; B and C: Expression levels of prostaglandin E2 (B) and interleukin-6 (C) in culture medium measured by ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed by Student’s t-tests, ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.0001 vs first bar of each group. (B and C) BM-MSC: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; IDO: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma; IL-1β: Interleukin 1 beta; IL-6: Interleukin 6; ND: Not detected; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; UC-MSC: Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells.