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. 2020 Sep 29;11:4897. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18706-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Air and soil surface (7.5 cm) temperatures averaged from 2010 to 2016. b Soil moisture averaged from 2010 to 2016. c Ecosystem C fluxes, which were estimated on the basis of the C amount from CO₂ emissions averaged from 2010 to 2016. GPP, gross primary productivity; ER, ecosystem respiration; NEE, net ecosystem C exchange. Positive values indicate C sink, and negative values represent C source. d in situ soil respirations averaged from 2010 to 2016. R_a, autotrophic respiration; R_h, heterotrophic respiration; R_t, soil total respiration. e Decomposition rate of standard cellulose filter paper (mass loss) in the field determined in 2016. f Apparent and model-derived temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of heterotrophic respiration (R_h) averaged from 2010 to 2016. Apparent Q₁₀ is estimated by fitting the curve of R_h versus soil temperature based on the Q₁₀ method. Model-derived Q₁₀ is derived by calibrating the MEND model. Error bars represent standard errors of the means (n = 4 field plots examined over seven repeated measures from 2010 to 2016). The differences between warming and control were tested by the two-sided repeated measures ANOVA, indicated by *** when p < 0.01, ** when p < 0.05, * when p < 0.10. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.