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. 2020 Sep 29;10:15958. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72531-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Subject experimental setup (Day 2). sEMG sensors were placed bilaterally over the multifidus muscles (2 cm lateral to the L5 vertebrae, a), the iliocostalis lumborum muscles (4 cm lateral to the L2 vertebrae, b), the longissimus thoracis muscles (2 cm lateral to the L1 vertebrae, c), the latissimus dorsi muscles (scapular level e), the rectus abdominis muscles (2 cm lateral to the umbilicus, f), and the external obliques (8 cm lateral to the umbilicus, g). Each sEMG sensor on the low back was covered with a protective cover to minimize motion artifacts caused by the exosuit moving above the skin and sensors. A digital goniometer (d) was adhered to the skin, spanning from the L5 to the L1/T12 vertebrae. A compression wrap (right) was wrapped around the torso to protect sEMG electrodes and prevent wires from snagging. The exosuit prototype was comprised of a trunk harness (h) and left/right thigh sleeves (i), which were coupled along the backside of the subject via an elastic element (j). A uniaxial load cell (k) measured forces in-series with the elastic element.