Table 1.
Sex difference in life expectancy at birth (e0), and the absolute and relative contribution of smoking-attributable mortality, European regions*, 1956–2014**, selected years
| 1956 | 1960 | 1965 | 1970 | 1975 | 1981 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2014** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex difference in e0 | |||||||||||||
| Europe | 5.13 | 5.52 | 5.95 | 6.24 | 6.59 | 8.16 | 7.82 | 7.99 | 9.04 | 8.66 | 8.57 | 7.46 | 6.97 |
| Non-Eastern Europe | 5.14 | 5.52 | 6.02 | 6.30 | 6.60 | 6.70 | 6.66 | 6.64 | 6.51 | 6.06 | 5.61 | 5.18 | 4.82 |
| Northern Europe | 4.12 | 4.44 | 5.21 | 5.91 | 6.48 | 6.68 | 6.60 | 6.27 | 5.83 | 5.29 | 5.01 | 4.66 | 4.29 |
| Western Europe | 5.48 | 5.80 | 6.25 | 6.54 | 6.74 | 6.84 | 6.76 | 6.64 | 6.45 | 5.99 | 5.47 | 5.08 | 4.72 |
| Southern Europe | 4.58 | 5.09 | 5.61 | 5.79 | 6.28 | 6.41 | 6.46 | 6.68 | 6.77 | 6.35 | 5.99 | 5.46 | 5.11 |
| Eastern Europe | 4.97 | 5.42 | 5.48 | 6.04 | 6.51 | 9.88 | 9.24 | 9.62 | 11.62 | 11.38 | 11.64 | 10.2 | 9.69 |
| CEE (not former USSR) | 4.97 | 5.42 | 5.48 | 6.04 | 6.51 | 7.22 | 7.48 | 8.23 | 8.25 | 7.81 | 7.69 | 7.38 | 6.98 |
| Former Soviet Republics | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 10.99 | 10.01 | 10.2 | 12.87 | 12.71 | 13.08 | 11.38 | 10.86 |
| Absolute contribution of smoking-attributable mortality (years) to the sex difference in e0 | |||||||||||||
| Europe | 2.56 | 2.86 | 3.32 | 3.66 | 3.95 | 4.76 | 4.75 | 4.73 | 5.23 | 4.76 | 4.46 | 3.54 | 3.03 |
| Non-Eastern Europe | 2.55 | 2.93 | 3.36 | 3.63 | 3.89 | 3.92 | 3.86 | 3.56 | 3.22 | 2.73 | 2.28 | 1.81 | 1.48 |
| Northern Europe | 1.88 | 2.28 | 2.63 | 2.89 | 2.93 | 3.00 | 2.75 | 2.37 | 1.85 | 1.40 | 1.04 | 0.72 | 0.43 |
| Western Europe | 3.04 | 3.40 | 3.84 | 4.05 | 4.24 | 4.17 | 4.03 | 3.63 | 3.20 | 2.64 | 2.15 | 1.65 | 1.32 |
| Southern Europe | 1.54 | 1.91 | 2.35 | 2.77 | 3.29 | 3.62 | 3.76 | 3.68 | 3.55 | 3.16 | 2.78 | 2.32 | 1.99 |
| Eastern Europe | 2.73 | 2.45 | 3.12 | 3.74 | 4.19 | 5.62 | 5.64 | 5.86 | 6.80 | 6.38 | 6.22 | 5.16 | 4.60 |
| CEE (not former USSR) | 2.73 | 2.45 | 3.12 | 3.74 | 4.19 | 4.71 | 4.93 | 5.19 | 5.15 | 4.69 | 4.29 | 3.62 | 3.00 |
| Former Soviet Republics | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5.96 | 5.93 | 6.14 | 7.32 | 6.89 | 6.76 | 5.65 | 5.14 |
| Relative contribution of smoking-attributable mortality (%) to the sex difference in e0 | |||||||||||||
| Europe | 49.92 | 51.85 | 55.82 | 58.56 | 60.02 | 58.33 | 60.68 | 59.24 | 57.91 | 55.02 | 52.1 | 47.47 | 43.48 |
| Non-Eastern Europe | 49.5 | 53.07 | 55.76 | 57.65 | 58.88 | 58.52 | 57.86 | 53.61 | 49.39 | 44.99 | 40.63 | 34.97 | 30.6 |
| Northern Europe | 45.70 | 51.27 | 50.61 | 48.95 | 45.27 | 44.89 | 41.75 | 37.81 | 31.64 | 26.47 | 20.87 | 15.54 | 10.08 |
| Western Europe | 55.46 | 58.69 | 61.50 | 62.00 | 62.88 | 60.95 | 59.59 | 54.62 | 49.6 | 44.16 | 39.23 | 32.57 | 27.86 |
| Southern Europe | 33.58 | 37.49 | 41.88 | 47.76 | 52.39 | 56.43 | 58.09 | 55.17 | 52.48 | 49.86 | 46.35 | 42.47 | 38.93 |
| Eastern Europe | 54.84 | 45.13 | 56.93 | 61.96 | 64.48 | 56.91 | 61.02 | 60.93 | 58.54 | 56.09 | 53.44 | 50.57 | 47.45 |
| CEE (not former USSR) | 54.84 | 45.13 | 56.93 | 61.96 | 64.48 | 65.27 | 65.93 | 63.14 | 62.48 | 60.04 | 55.7 | 49.11 | 42.99 |
| Former Soviet Republics | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 54.26 | 59.31 | 60.25 | 56.89 | 54.2 | 51.69 | 49.64 | 47.37 |
*Croatia (HR) was excluded for comparability purposes. This led to differences only in the second decimal. The number of countries that could be included differs per year. 1956 and 1960: 20 countries (Germany West instead of Germany as a whole); 1965: 21 countries (Germany West instead of Germany as a whole); 1970 and 1975: 23 countries; 1981: 29 countries; 1985 onwards: 30 countries. In italics are the numbers that can not be compared over time because of this.
**Latest available year for Bulgaria (2010), Greece (2013), Ukraine (2012), and Russia (2013)
Europe: all countries included in the analysis*
Eastern Europe: all Central and Eastern European countries included in the analysis*
Non-Eastern Europe: all Northern, Western and Southern European countries included in the analysis
Northern Europe: Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), Iceland (IS), Norway (NO), Sweden (SE)
Western Europe: Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Germany West (DW), France (FR), Ireland (IR), Luxembourg (LU), Netherlands (NL), Switzerland (CH), United Kingdom (UK)
Southern Europe: Greece (GR), Italy (IT), Portugal (PT), Spain (ES)
Central Eastern Europe (CEE) (without former USSR): Bulgaria (BG), Czech Republic (CZ), Germany East (DE), Hungary (HU), Poland (PL), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI)
Former Soviet Republics: Belarus (BR), Estonia (EE), Latvia (LV), Lithuania LT), Ukraine (UR), Russia (RU)