Table 1.

Expression and antiviral activity of intracellular DNA sensors in peripheral cell types.

Sensor	Cell type	Ligand	Antiviral activity	Recognized pathogens	References
ZBP1	Mouse primary fibroblast, liver macrophages, BMDM Mouse cell lines, L929, SVEC4-10, NIH3T3, 3T3-SA Human cell lines HT-29, A549, HepG2	dsDNA or RNA	IFN expression NF-κB activation, cell death	HSV-1, IAV, CMV, vaccinia virus, ZIKV, WNV	Upton et al., 2012; Pham et al., 2013; Kuriakose et al., 2016; Lin et al., 2016; Maelfait et al., 2017; Guo et al., 2018; Daniels et al., 2019; Ingram et al., 2019; Rothan et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2020
cGAS	Mouse primary lung fibroblasts, GM-CSF DC, FLt3L DC, BMDM Murine cell lines, L929, RAW 264.7 Hamster cell line BHK Primary human PBMCs, MDM, MDDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, PBMCs, CD4+ T cells Human cell lines, THP1, HFFs, A549, HUVEC, EA.hy926	dsDNA	IFN expression, inflammasome priming	HIV, HSV, MLV, SIV, HCMV, DENV, ectromelia virus	Gao D. et al., 2013; Li et al., 2013; Sun et al., 2013; Herzner et al., 2015; Ma F. et al., 2015; Bode et al., 2016; Vermeire et al., 2016
IFI16	Mouse primary corneal epithelium Mouse cell line RAW 264.7 Primary human MDM, keratinocytes, PBMCs, CD4+ T cells, hepatocytes Human cell lines, THP1, hTCEpi, HFFs, BJAB, HMVEC, BCBL1, 184B5, HCC1937, TIME, HELF, U2OS, HUVEC, Akata cells, MUTU1, huh7, HepG2, HeLa, HepaRG cells, C666-1, Raji, LCL	dsDNA	Inflammasome activation, IFN-β production, transcriptional regulation	HSV-1, KSHV, HIV, EBV, HBV	Unterholzner et al., 2010; Conrady et al., 2012; Orzalli et al., 2012; Ansari et al., 2013; Cuchet-Lourenco et al., 2013; Jakobsen et al., 2013; Dell'Oste et al., 2014; Diner et al., 2015; Dutta et al., 2015; Iqbal et al., 2016; Pisano et al., 2017; Lum et al., 2019; Roy et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2020
AIM2	Primary mouse BMDM, BMDC, MEF, alveolar macrophages, peritoneal macrophages Mouse cell lines NR9456, B6-MCL Primary human dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes Human cell lines, THP1, ATII	dsDNA	Inflammasome activation	HPV, HBV, HCMV	Fernandes-Alnemri et al., 2009; Hornung et al., 2009; Rathinam et al., 2010; Reinholz et al., 2013; Sagulenko et al., 2013; Ekchariyawat et al., 2015; Corrales et al., 2016; Gray et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2017; Nakaya et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2018
DDX41	Primary mouse BMDC, peritoneal macrophages, MEF Mouse cell lines, D2SC, L929 Primary human PBMCs Human cell line THP1	dsDNA or DNA:RNA hybrid	IFN and ISG expression	HSV-1, adenovirus, MLV, IAV (mitochondrial DNA)	Zhang Z. et al., 2011, 2013; Lee et al., 2015; Stavrou et al., 2015; Moriyama et al., 2019
DNA-PK	Primary mouse MEF Primary human monocytes, MDDC Human cell lines, HEK293, HeLa, THP1, SK-hep-1, HepG2.2.15, U937s, HFFs	dsDNA	IFN expression	HSV-2, HTLV, HBV, vaccinia virus	Zhang X. et al., 2011; Ferguson et al., 2012; Peters et al., 2013; Li et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017; Scutts et al., 2018
RNA-pol III	Primary mouse MEF, dendritic cells Mouse cell line RAW264.7 Primary human PBMCs, MDDC Human cell line HEK293	RNA	IFN expression NF-κB activation	adenovirus, HSV-1, EBV	Ablasser et al., 2009; Chiu et al., 2009