Table 3.

The characteristics of the primary experimental enterovirus vaccine formats.

Vaccine format	Conformation	Immunogenicity	mAb responses	Limitation	Advantages
Inactivated whole virus	Natural virion with genome	Strong (+++)	High; Cross-genotype protection	Low cross-serotypic protection	Mature technology
VLP	Natural virion without genome	Moderate (++)	High; Cross-genotype protection	Low cross-serotypic protection	Safe; Low cost; Explicit composition; Easy large-scale production and quality control
Synthetic peptide or recombinant subunit	Linear epitope or antigen	Relatively weak (+)	Low; Cross-genotype protection	Low cross-serotypic protection; Strong adjuvant requirement	Safe; Inexpensive; Explicit composition; Easy large-scale production and quality control
Novel chimeric vaccines	Natural virion without genome or linear epitopes of antigens	Relatively high (++/+++)	High; Cross-genotype protection	Required to know key neutralization domain and need to design the optimal chimeric strategy	May induce cross-protection of serotypes
Recombinant virus-vector vaccines	Natural virion without genome of target viruses but vectors	Relatively high (++/+++)	High; Cross genotype protection	Risk of vector replication	May induce cross-protection of serotypes; Comprehensive T-cell immune response