Table 2.
During pregnancy intakes of energy, macronutrients and vitamins of the studied mothers (n 78 793)*
(Median values and interquartile ranges (IQR); numbers and percentages)
| Median | IQR | Estimated average requirement for Japanese pregnant women in the second trimester | <Estimated average requirement | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | ||||
| Energy (kcal/d)† | 1620 | 1311–2015 | 2200 (2500) | 66 138 | 83·9 |
| Macronutrients | |||||
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 223·8 | 182·6–272·4 | |||
| Carbohydrate (%E) | 55·3 | 50·2–60·3 | 57·5 %E as desired goal | 48 761 | 61·9 |
| Fat (g/d) | 53·2 | 39·3–71·3 | |||
| Fat (%E) | 29·8 | 25·6–34·1 | 25 %E as desired goal | 17 419 | 22·1 |
| Protein (g/d) | 54·3 | 42·2–70·2 | 45 | 24 026 | 30·5 |
| Protein (%E) | 13·5 | 12·2–14·8 | 16·5 %E as desired goal | 72 802 | 92·4 |
| Total dietary fibre (g/d) | 9·6 | 7·1–12·9 | ≥18 | 72 241 | 91·7 |
| Vitamins | |||||
| Vitamin A (µg/d) | 404 | 265–631 | 500 | 49 600 | 62·9 |
| Vitamin K (µg/d) | 155 | 102–238 | 150‡ | 37 497 | 47·6 |
| Vitamin E (mg/d) | 5·7 | 4·2–7·7 | 6·5‡ | 47 655 | 60·5 |
| Vitamin D (µg/d) | 3·9 | 2·3–6·1 | 8·5‡ | 68 722 | 87·2 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 74 | 48–109 | 95 | 52 497 | 66·6 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 0·93 | 0·71–1·22 | 1·2 | 57 800 | 73·4 |
| Folate (µg/d) | 229 | 166–312 | 400 | 69 524 | 88·2 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | 3·5 | 2·2–5·4 | 2·3 | 20 550 | 26·1 |
%E, proportion of individual energy intakes using the following energy-conversion value; protein = 4 kcal/g, fat = 9 kcal/g and carbohydrate = 4 kcal/g.
*
Intakes were estimated from the FFQ during the second trimester.
†
To convert energy values from kcal to kJ multiply by 4·184.
‡
Express adequate intake, where estimated average requirement could not be set due to insufficient scientific evidence.