Table 4.
Risk behavior, criminal behavior, victimization, and mental health outcomes for the entire sample and stable “two-parent/economic advantage” and stable “single-parent/economic hardship” latent classes (n = families with data at age 14)
| Overall | Stable two- parent/econ adv. (n = 6,084) | Stable single- parent/econ hardship (n = 638) | Comparison (RRR/ coefficient and CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk behavior outcomes | ||||
| Early sexualization | ||||
| Oral sex/intercourse± | 3.4% | 2.6% | 4.3% | 1.70 [1.03, 2.81]+ |
| Substance use | ||||
| Ever binge drinking | 10.8% | 8.6% | 11.8% | ns |
| Cannabis/illegal drug use±± | 5.7% | 3.5% | 9.3% | 2.84 [1.92, 4.20]*** |
| Antisocial and criminal behavior outcomes | ||||
| Antisocial behavior | ||||
| Cohort member (CM) vandalized/damaged property±±± | 5.4% | 3.6% | 8.7% | 2.54 [1.66, 3.89]*** |
| CM shoplifted | 3.7% | 3.0% | 6.0% | 2.08 [1.39, 3.12]*** |
| Hacking | 4.7% | 4.1% | 6.2% | ns |
| Criminal activity | ||||
| CM had carried weapon | 2.7% | 1.7% | 4.6% | 2.76 [1.67, 4.57]*** |
| CM has hit/assaulted or used weapon against someone±±± | 31.9% | 28.2% | 39.4% | 1.72 [1.38, 2.14]*** |
| CM has stolen property | 1.2% | 1.0% | 2.4% | 2.53 [1.26, 5.11]** |
| CM is or was in gang | 3.9% | 2.1% | 7.9% | 3.88 [2.42, 6.23]*** |
| Contact with police | ||||
| CM questioned by police | 16.6% | 11.1% | 23.2% | 2.45 [1.91, 3.14]*** |
| CM given warning by police | 9.3% | 5.4% | 15.4% | 3.22 [2.32, 4.46]*** |
| CM arrested by police | 1.4% | 0.6% | 1.8% | 2.96 [1.29, 6.79]+ |
| Criminal victimization outcomes | ||||
| CM was violently assaulted/had weapon used on∝ | 23.8% | 21.8% | 26.7% | 1.33 [1.05, 1.68]+ |
| CM had something stolen | 7.8% | 6.6% | 8.6% | ns |
| CM was sexually assaulted | 2.8% | 2.5% | 3.6% | ns |
| Mental health outcomes | ||||
| Past-year self-harm | 15.4% | 13.0% | 18.5% | 1.54 [1.16, 2.02]** |
| MFQ depression symptoms | 5.71 (.08) | 5.22 (.10) | 6.29 (.37) | .03 [.01, .05]** |
| Rosenberg self-esteem | 10.49 (.05) | 10.71 (.06) | 10.0 (.16) | –.09 [–.13, –.05]*** |
Note: ±Oral sex: 3.1%; intercourse: 2.1%. ±±Cannabis use: 5.6%; illegal drug use: 0.8%. ±±±CM vandalized: 2.9%; CM damaged property: 3.7%. ±±±±CM has hit or assaulted someone: 31.8%; CM has used weapon against someone: 1.1%. ∝CM was violently assaulted: 23.3%; CM was hit or had a weapon used: 3.6%. +p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.