Table 6.
Risk behavior, criminal behavior, victimization, and mental health outcomes for the entire sample, consistent low-risk “two-parent/economic advantage” families and movement away from consistent low-risk “two-parent/economic advantage” families (n = families with data at age 14)
| Overall | Consistent low-risk “two-parent/econ. adv.” (n = 6,084) | Low-risk → “two-parent/high-conflict” at age 3 (n = 330) | Low-risk → “single-parent/econ. hardship” by age 3 (n = 438) | Low-risk → “two-parent/high-conflict” at age 5 (n = 326) | Low-risk → “single-parent/econ. hardship” by age 5 (n = 261) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk behavior outcomes | % | % | % | RRR/Coef. & CI | % | RRR/Coef. & CI | % | RRR/Coef. & CI | % | RRR/Coef. & CI |
| Early sexualization | ||||||||||
| Oral sex/intercourse | 3.4% | 2.6% | 3.3% | ns | 3.8% | ns | 6.0% | ns | 2.2% | ns |
| Substance use | ||||||||||
| Ever binge drinking | 10.8% | 8.6% | 10.7% | ns | 15.4% | 1.95 [1.37, 2.76]*** | 14.8% | 1.84 [1.10, 3.11]+ | 12.0% | ns |
| Cannabis/illegal drug use | 5.7% | 3.5% | 5.7% | ns | 7.8% | 2.32 [1.47, 3.65]*** | 7.2% | ns | 2.9% | ns |
| Antisocial and criminal behavior outcomes | ||||||||||
| Antisocial behavior | ||||||||||
| Cohort member (CM) vandalized/damaged property | 5.4% | 3.6% | 6.5% | 1.83 [1.12, 2.99]+ | 6.6% | 1.88 [1.15, 3.07]+ | 9.7% | 2.85 [1.48, 5.46]** | 5.0% | ns |
| CM shoplifted | 3.7% | 3.0% | 3.1% | ns | 5.6%+ | 1.88 [1.10, 3.22]+ | 4.0% | ns | 2.2% | ns |
| Hacking | 4.7% | 4.1% | 4.5% | ns | 6.0% | ns | 7.5% | 1.88 [1.13, 3.14]+ | 4.0% | ns |
| Criminal activity | ||||||||||
| CM had carried weapon | 2.7% | 1.7% | 6.6% | 3.99 [2.00, 7.97]*** | 4.3% | 2.50 [1.27, 4.90]** | 1.9% | ns | 0.7% | ns |
| CM has hit/assaulted or used weapon against someone | 31.9% | 28.2% | 32.9% | ns | 37.9% | 1.49 [1.14, 1.96]** | 32.3% | ns | 29.0% | ns |
| CM has stolen property | 1.2% | 1.0% | 1.7% | ns | 1.1% | ns | 1.0% | ns | 1.7% | ns |
| CM is or was in gang | 3.9% | 2.1% | 7.7% | 3.86 [2.13, 7.02]*** | 5.5% | 2.73 [1.55, 4.79]** | 6.5% | 3.15 [1.26, 7.87]+ | 5.4% | 2.58 [1.03, 6.44]+ |
| Contact with police | ||||||||||
| CM questioned by police | 16.6% | 11.1% | 24.3% | 2.57 [1.80, 3.65]*** | 20.9% | 2.08 [1.47, 2.93]*** | 18.1% | 1.78 [1.16, 2.76]** | 16.3% | 1.66 [1.04, 2.64]+ |
| CM given warning by police | 9.3% | 5.4% | 15.0% | 3.06 [1.93, 4.86]*** | 15.0% | 3.02 [2.04, 4.49]*** | 6.7% | ns | 11.1% | 2.29 [1.39, 3.78]** |
| CM arrested by police | 1.4% | 0.6% | 3.5% | 5.82 [1.59, 21.36]** | 1.8% | ns | 1.6% | ns | 0.7% | ns |
| Criminal victimization outcomes | ||||||||||
| CM was violently assaulted/had weapon used on | 23.8% | 21.8% | 28.3% | 1.41 [1.06, 1.87]+ | 27.2% | ns | 21.2% | ns | 19.9% | ns |
| CM had something stolen | 7.8% | 6.6% | 8.5% | ns | 11.7% | 1.87 [1.23, 2.84]** | 6.4% | ns | 6.5% | ns |
| CM was sexually assaulted | 2.8% | 2.5% | 3.4% | ns | 2.3% | ns | 2.2% | ns | 0.8% | .29 [.10, 86]+ |
| Mental health outcomes | ||||||||||
| Past-year self-harm | 15.4% | 13.0% | 16.8% | ns | 19.9% | 1.81 [1.28, 2.55]** | 16.3% | ns | 15.4% | ns |
| MFQ depression symptoms | 5.71 (.08) | 5.22 (.10) | 6.46 (.46) | .04 [.02, .06]** | 6.82 (.37) | .05 [.03, .07]*** | 5.53 (.38) | ns | 6.19 (.51) | ns |
| Rosenberg self-esteem | 10.49 (.05) | 10.71 (.06) | 10.24 (.16) | –.07 [–.11, –.03]** | 10.05 (.18) | –.10 [–.15, –.05]*** | 10.49 (.22) | ns | 10.05 (.19) | –.07 [–.12, –.02]** |
+p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.