Table 1.
Descriptives and mean effect size for studies included in the meta-analysis (N = 56).
| Study | Country | Child age (years) | Gender child (% female) | Gender parents | Parental consumption | Child Well-being |
Informant (parental consumption) | Informant (child well-being) | Method of assessment | Time lag (months) | Mean N | Mean r |
Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adalbjarnardottir & Rafnsson, 2002 | Iceland | 12–18 | 54% | B | T, A | Tobacco, Alcohol | Child | Self-report | Q | 36 | 928 | .10 | .03 | .17 |
| Barman, et al., 2004 | Finland | 12–18 | 50% | MF | T | Tobacco | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 36 | 4739 | .20 | .13 | .27 |
| Barnow, et al., 2007 | USA | 12–18 | 48% | B | A | Behavioral problems | Self-report | Parent | I | 60 | 83 | .06 | −.15 | .26 |
| Bor, McGee, & Fagan, 2004 | Australia | 12–18 | 48% | M | T | Antisocial behavior | Self-report | Mother | Q | 168 | 5278 | .09 | −.10 | .28 |
| Brook, et al., 2001 | Colombia | 12–18 | 49% | MF | T, D | Drug use | Self-report | Self-report | I | 24 | 1374 | .12 | .02 | .21 |
| Bufferd et al., 2014 | USA | 6–11 | 46% | B | DD | Depression | Self-report | Self-report | I | 36 | 456 | .15 | .00 | .29 |
| Burke, et al., 2001 | Australia | 12–18 | 53% | MF | A | Alcohol | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 798 | .26 | .15 | .37 | |
| Chaffin, et al., 1996 | USA | missing | 43% | B | A | Physical abuse, Neglect | Self-report | Parents | I | 12 | 7103 | .30 | .17 | .41 |
| Colder, et al., 1997 | USA | 12–18 | 43% | MF | AD | Heavy alcohol use | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 36 | 428 | .17 | .02 | .31 |
| Connolly, et al., 1992 | USA | 12–18 | missing | M | A | Behavior problems | Self-report | Self-report, Teacher | I | 48 | 652 | .05 | −.09 | .19 |
| Crandall, et al., 2006 | USA | 0–5 | 0% | M | A | Head injury | Self-report | Mother | I | 12 | 3808 | .21 | .02 | .38 |
| Cranford, et al., 2010) | USA | 12–18 | 31% | MF | AD | Alcohol | Self-report | Self-report | I | 72 | 148 | .21 | .12 | .29 |
| Dwyer, et al., 1999 | Tasmania | 0–5 | 49% | MF | T | Sudden Infant Death Syndrome | Self-report | Parent | I | 3 | 9788 | .26 | .19 | .32 |
| Eiden, et al., 2007 | USA | 0–5 | 48% | B | A | Externalizing behavior | Self-report | Mother, Father, Teacher | I | 48 | 227 | .03 | −.06 | .13 |
| Ellickson, et al., 2001 | USA | 12–18 | missing | B | A | Problem Alcohol | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 60 | 4283 | .04 | −.16 | .22 |
| Fergusson, et al., 1993 | New Zealand | 12–18 | missing | M | T | Conduct disorder, Attention deficit, Total disruptive behavior | Self-report | Mother, Teacher | Q | 84 | 960 | .16 | .07 | .23 |
| Fergusson, et al., 1994 | New Zealand | 12–18 | missing | B | D | Multiple problem behaviors | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 48 | 942 | .07 | −.13 | .26 |
| Fergusson, et al., 1996 | New Zealand | 12–18 | missing | B | T | Depression, Nicotine dependence | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 48 | 942 | .10 | −.04 | .24 |
| Frank et al., 2014 | USA | 12–18 | 0% | B | D | Drug use | Other | Self-report | I | 180 | 157 | .34 | .11 | .54 |
| Fuller et al., 2003 | USA | 6–11 | 53% | B | AD | Aggression | Self-report | Parent | Q | 36 | 186 | .15 | −.09 | .37 |
| Griesler, et al., 2011 | USA | 12–18 | 63% | B | T | Nicotine dependence | Self-report | Self-report | I | 24 | 814 | .15 | −.05 | .34 |
| Gritz et al., 2003 | USA | 12–18 | missing | B | T | Tobacco | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 12 | 659 | .11 | −.10 | .30 |
| Hanewinkel et al., 2014 | Germany | 12–18 | 57% | B | A | Alcohol | Self-report | Q | 12 | 13642 | .11 | −.03 | .24 | |
| Heron et al., 2013 | UK | 12–18 | 51% | M | A, T, D | Problematic drug use, Non-problematic drug use | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 190 | 4159 | .25 | .18 | .32 |
| Hoffmann & Cerbone, 2002 | USA | 12–18 | Mixed/ boys only/ girls only | B | DD | Drug abuse, Alcohol abuse | Self-report | Self-report | I | 96 | 804 | .25 | .11 | .38 |
| Hussong & Chassin, 1997 | USA | 12–18 | 51% | B | AD | Heavy alcohol use | Self-report | Self-report | I | 36 | 293 | .08 | −.05 | .20 |
| Johnson & Leff, 1999 | USA | 0–5 | 51% | B | T | IQ | Self-report | Self-report | I | 48 | 122 | .03 | −.23 | .28 |
| Kaplow, et al., 2002 | USA | 12–18 | 51% | B | D | Drug use | Self-report | Self-report | I | 84 | 295 | .24 | .02 | .43 |
| Knudsen, et al., 2015 | Norway | 0–5 | 52% | M | A | Externalising & Internalising behavior problems | Self-report | Mother | Q | 18 | 49553 | .38 | .26 | .49 |
| Korhonen et al., 2008 | Finland | 12–18 | 61% | MF | A, T | Drug use | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 72 | 4138 | .14 | .08 | .21 |
| Kotch et al., 2014 | USA | 12–18 | 49% | B | T | Externalising behavior problems | Self-report | Self-report | I | 72 | 915 | .10 | −.10 | .29 |
| Lessard et al., 2014 | USA | 12–18 | 52% | MF | T, D, AD | E-cigarette use | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 48 | 136 | .10 | −.01 | .21 |
| Li, et al., 2002 | USA | 6–11 | missing | B | A, T, D, A | Alcohol, Tobacco, Drug use, Any substance use | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 1551 | .14 | .09 | .19 | |
| Lindsey et al., 2008 | USA | 6–11 | 0% | missing | A | Externalising & Internalising behavior problems | Self-report | Self-report | I | 48 | 514 | .15 | .01 | .29 |
| Loukas, et al., 2001 | USA | 6–11 | 52% | B | AD | Externalising behavior | Self-report | Parent | I | 36 | 208 | .27 | .04 | .47 |
| Malone, et al., 2002 | USA | 12–18 | missing | F | AD | Any substance disorder, Alcohol disorder, Drug diagnosis, Nicotine dependence, Conduct disorder, Oppositional defiant disorder, ADHD, Depression, Any disruptive disorder | Self-report | Self-report | I | 36 | 1020 | .19 | .13 | .25 |
| McGrath, et al., 1999 | USA | 12–18 | 49% | B | AD | Academic achievement | Self-report | Self-report, Teacher | I | 24 | 454 | .13 | .03 | .22 |
| Miller, 2001 | USA | 6–11 | 57% | M | T | Asthma | Self-report | Mother, Other | Q (parents), Other (children) | 36 | 3938 | .08 | −.05 | .21 |
| Morgenstern, et al., 2013 | Germany | 12–18 | missing | B | T | Tobacco, School performance | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 36 | 1320 | .12 | .03 | .21 |
| Naicker, et al., 2012 | Canada | 12–18 | 27% | B | A | Emotional disorder | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 937 | .10 | −.10 | .29 | |
| Nigg et al., 2006 | USA | 12–18 | missing | MF | AD | ADHD, Response inhibition, Set shifting and working memory, Conduct symptoms, IQ | Self-report | Self-report, Teacher | I | 180 | 498 | .06 | .00 | .13 |
| Pagani, et al., 2016 | Canada | 6–11 | 57% | M | T | Being overweight/obese | Self-report | Other | I (parents), Other (children) | 36 | 1323 | .14 | .00 | .27 |
| Power, et al., 2005 | USA | 12–18 | missing | F | A | Alcohol | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 6 | 743 | .00 | −.20 | .20 |
| Roosa, et al., 1990 | USA | 12–18 | missing | B | AD | Anxiety, Depression | Child | Self-report | Q | 3 | 145 | .30 | .13 | .45 |
| Selya, et al., 2012 | USA | 12–18 | 57% | MF | T | Tobacco | Self-report, Child | Self-report | Q | 42 | 1092 | .20 | .06 | .33 |
| Shortt, et al., 2007 | Australia | 12–18 | missing | B | A, T | Alcohol | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 12 | 1166 | .13 | −.01 | .26 |
| Thacher et al., 2016 | Sweden | 12–18 | Girls/ boys analysed separately | MFB | T | Allergies | Child, Spouse | Parents | Q | 144 | 3316 | .06 | −.02 | .13 |
| Thompson & Wilsnack, 1987 | USA | missing | 0% | MF | A | Alcohol | Child | Self-report | Q | 48 | 712 | .09 | .06 | .13 |
| Ting, et al., 2015 | Taiwan | 12–18 | 0% | B | A | Alcohol | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 48 | 496 | .13 | −.02 | .27 |
| Tjora, et al., 2011 | Norway | 12–18 | 54% | MF | T | Alcohol | Self-report | Self-report | Q | 60 | 1052 | .18 | .04 | .31 |
| Unger et al., 2006 | USA | 6–11 | 53% | B | T | Tobacco | Self-report | Q | 12 | 1940 | .10 | −.10 | .29 | |
| Van Der Vorst et al., 2013 | Canada | 12–18 | 48% | B | A | Alcohol | Child | Self-report | Q | 12 | 1142 | .14 | −.06 | .33 |
| Vella, et al., 2015 | Australian | 12–18 | 53% | M | T | Health-related Quality of Life | Self-report | Self-report | I | 120 | 2785 | .25 | .12 | .38 |
| Windham et al., 2004 | USA | 0–5 | 29% | M | A, D | Physical abuse, Self-esteem | Self-report | Self-report | I | 541 | .09 | −.02 | .19 | |
| Wong, et al., 2011 | USA | 12–18 | 47% | MF | AD | Suicidal thoughts, Self-harm | Self-report | Self-report | I | 96 | 392 | .02 | −.10 | .15 |
| Xie, et al., 2013 | China | 12–18 | missing | B | T | Tobacco | Child | Self-report | Q | 3572 | .08 | −.03 | .19 |
Note. N = average sample size available for analyses; Gender parents: M = mother, F = father, C = child, MF = mother and father separately, MFB = both parents included but not reported on separately; Parental consumption: T = tobacco, A = alcohol, D = drug use, DD = drug use disorder, AD = alcohol use disorder, A = any substance use; Method of assessment: I = interview, Q = Questionnaire.