Table 1.

Profile of antivirals investigated for COVID-19 treatment in clinical trials or in vitro studies. Source: WHO, adapted from landscape analysis 17 February 2020 https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key

Group	Drugs	Structure and PubChem CID	Route of administration	Current use	Mechanism of action	EC50 value in Vero E6 cell	Being tested?
Inhibitors of viral RNA polymerase/RNA synthesis	Remdesivir	PubChem CID:121304016	Intravenous	COVID-19	A prodrug, adenosine nucleotide analogue, which acts as an RdRp inhibitor	1.76 μM	Approved
	Favipiravir	PubChem CID:492405	Intravenous	influenza	A prodrug, guanosine nucleotide analogue, which acts as an RdRp inhibitor	61.88 μM	Yes
Inhibitors of viral protein synthesis	Lopinavir/ritonavir	PubChem CID:11979606	Orally	HIV	Inhibition of protease	26.62 μM	Yes
Viral entry inhibitors	Hydroxychloroquine	PubChem CID:3652	Orally	Antimalarial	Increase the endosomal pH required by the virus/Cell fusion, and interference Glycosylation of SARS-CoV (ACE-2) cell receptor	4.51 μM	yes
	Chloroquine	PubChem CID:2719	Orally	Antimalarial		2.71 μM
Immunomodulatory	Nitazoxanide	PubChem CID:41684	Orally	Anti-parasitic and antiviral	Interference involves viral replication, amplification of cytoplasmic RNA sensing, and host regulation pathways of type I interferon	2.12 μM	yes
	Ivermectin	PubChem CID:6321424	Orally	Anti-parasitic	Inhibit the import of nuclear proteins into hosts and viruses by suppressing importin 1 Heterodimer	NA	yes
Immunomodulatory	Tocilizumab	NA	Intravenously	Rheumatoid arthritis; COVID-19	inhibit signal transduction by specifically binding to sIL-6R and mIL-6R	NA	Approved
Anti-inflammatory	Dexamethasone		Intravenously and orally	Anti-inflammatory	Act as an inflammatory agent	NA	yes

Note: Not applicable- NA.