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. 2020 Jul 4;27(31):38545–38558. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-09688-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — The Chadha diagram identifies different water type formations along the Swat River, northern Pakistan. After Chadha (1999). Field 1: Ca–HCO₃ type water indices, representing both recharge and weathering processes. Field 2: Ca–Mg–Cl type waters, reflecting reverse ion-exchange processes. Field 3: Na–Cl type waters, indicating evaporation is the principal mechanism. Field 4: Na–HCO₃ type waters, reflecting cationic and ionic exchange processes