Table 1.
Characteristics of critically ill patients with covid-19 with and without in-hospital cardiac arrest. Data are numbers (%) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristic | No cardiac arrest (n=4318, 86.0%) | Cardiac arrest (n=701, 14.0%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| ICU beds | |||
| <50 | 1268/4318 (29.4) | 434/701 (61.9) | <0.001 |
| 50-99 | 1248/4318 (28.9) | 144/701 (20.5) | 0.031 |
| ≥100 | 1802/4318 (41.7) | 123/701 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years; mean (SD)) | 60 (15) | 63 (14) | <0.001 |
| <45 | 647/4318 (15.0) | 68/701 (9.7) | <0.001 |
| 45-64 | 1851/4318 (42.9) | 277/701 (39.5) | 0.003 |
| 65-79 | 1419/4318 (32.9) | 270/701 (38.5) | <0.001 |
| ≥80 | 401/4318 (9.3) | 86/701 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 2707/4318 (62.7) | 458/701 (65.3) | 0.15 |
| Race | |||
| White (non-Hispanic) | 1263/4318 (29.2) | 150/701 (21.4) | <0.001 |
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 1280/4318 (29.6) | 226/701 (32.2) | 0.17 |
| Hispanic | 484/4318 (11.2) | 67/701 (9.6) | 0.22 |
| Asian | 248/4318 (5.7) | 43/701 (6.1) | 0.66 |
| Unknown | 1043/4318 (24.2) | 215/701 (30.7) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (mean (SD))* | 32 (8) | 32 (9) | 0.23 |
| <30 | 1725/4165 (41.4) | 283/656 (43.1) | 0.044 |
| 30-34 | 1111/4165 (26.7) | 189/656 (28.8) | 0.72 |
| 35-39 | 640/4165 (15.4) | 76/656 (11.6) | 0.007 |
| ≥40 | 689/4165 (16.5) | 108/656 (16.5) | 0.59 |
| Coexisting conditions and risk factors† | |||
| Current or former tobacco use* | 1861/3756 (49.5) | 313/564 (55.5) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1770/4318 (41.0) | 340/701 (48.5) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 2611/4318 (60.5) | 475/701 (67.8) | <0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 563/4318 (13.0) | 113/701 (16.1) | 0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 434/4318 (10.1) | 78/701 (11.1) | 0.17 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 377/4318 (8.7) | 56/701 (8.0) | 0.52 |
| Chronic or end stage kidney disease | 671/4318 (15.5) | 148/701 (21.1) | <0.001 |
| Active malignancy | 188/4318 (4.4) | 39/701 (5.6) | 0.07 |
| Laboratory values on day of ICU admission (median (IQR)) | |||
| White cell count (per mm3) | 8.2 (5.9-11.5) | 10.1 (7-14.3) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count (per mm3) | 10.1 (6.2-15.5) | 8.3 (4.8-13.6) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.6 (14-11) | 12.3 (10.6-13.8) | 0.009 |
| Platelet count (103/μL) | 214 (163-276) | 222 (165-285) | 0.16 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.03 (0.79-1.59) | 1.4 (0.92-2.49) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.2 (2.8-3.6) | 3.1 (2.7-3.5) | <0.001 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 51 (35-80) | 64 (39-109) | <0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 35 (22-59) | 40 (24-68) | <0.001 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.6 (0.4-0.8) | 0.6 (0.4-0.9) | <0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.5 (1.1-2.2) | 2.1 (1.3-3.1) | <0.001 |
| Arterial pH | 7.38 (7.31-7.44) | 7.33 (7.239-7.41) | <0.001 |
| D dimer (ng/mL) | 1142 (610-2800) | 2380 (1220-8200) | <0.001 |
| C reactive protein (mg/L) | 146 (77.5-225) | 173 (95.3-261) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 938 (464-1843) | 1234 (604-2653) | <0.001 |
| mSOFA score on ICU admission (mean (SD)) | 4.1 (3.1) | 6.0 (3.3) | <0.001 |
| Complications‡ | |||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 3172/4318 (73.5) | 491/701 (70.0) | 0.029 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 174/4318 (4.0) | 2/701 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Newly diagnosed reduced left ventricular function§ | 118/4318 (2.7) | 48/701 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Receipt of at least two vasopressors | 1255/4318 (29.1) | 362/701 (51.6) | <0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury requiring RRT | 842/4318 (19.5) | 161/701 (23.0) | 0.033 |
| Outcomes | |||
| ICU length of stay (days; median (IQR)) | 17 (9-30) | 6 (4-10) | <0.001 |
| Survived and discharged from hospital | 2759/4318 (63.9) | 48/701 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Died while in hospital | 1390/4318 (32.2) | 653/701 (93.2) | <0.001 |
| Still in hospital 30 days after ICU admission | 169/4318 (3.9) | 0/701 (0.0) | — |
ICU=intensive care unit; IQR=interquartile range; mSOFA=modified sequential organ failure assessment score; RRT=renal replacement therapy; SD=standard deviation.
*
Denominator differs in variables for smoking and body mass index because of missing data for these specific variables (listed in supplementary appendix).
†
Definitions of coexisting conditions are provided in supplementary appendix.
‡
On ICU admission for non-cardiac arrest group, or before cardiac arrest.
§
Defined as newly diagnosed left ventricular ejection fraction less than 50% on echocardiogram.