Table 1.
Characteristics of the 12 included studies.
| Author (year), country | Type of participant | Research project | Number of participants | Outcomes | ||
|
|
|
|
Total (number of groups) | Experimental group (VRa) | Control group (condition) |
|
| Bryant et al (2015) [31], USA | Nurse practitioner students | Advanced health assessment | 60 (2) | 22 | 38 (traditional education) | Satisfaction, confidence |
| Butt et al (2018) [39], USA | Junior level nursing students | Urinary catheterization | 20 (2) | 10 | 10 (traditional education) | Performance time |
| Cobbett and Snelgrove-Clarke (2016) [44], Canada |
Third-year nursing students | Maternal -newborn nursing | 56 (2) | 27 | 28 (non-VR simulation) | Self-confidence |
| Haerling (2018) [40], USA | Fifth- and sixth-quarter associate degree in nursing students | Nursing care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 28 (2) | 13 | 15 (non-VR simulation) | Knowledge assessment, performance scores, satisfaction, and self-confidence |
| Ismailoglu and Zaybak (2018) [43], Turkey |
Second-year nursing students |
Intravenous catheter insertion | 65 (2) | 33 | 32 (non-VR simulation) | Knowledge assessment, skill scores, self-confidence scores |
| Jung et al (2012) [45], Korea |
First-year nursing students |
Intravenous injection | 114 (3) | 38 | 38 (non-VR simulation) and 38 (VR plus non-VR simulation) | Procedure score, satisfaction, performance time |
| Leflore et al (2012) [41], USA |
Senior nursing students |
Care of pneumonia and cystic fibrosis exacerbation | 93 (2) | 46 | 47 (traditional education) | Knowledge assessment |
| Liaw et al (2014) [46], Singapore |
Senior nursing students |
Assessing and managing deterioration | 61 (2) | 31 | 30 (non-VR simulation) | Performance scores |
| Padilha et al (2019) [47], Portugal |
Second-year nursing students |
Respiratory process in relation to ineffective airway clearance and hypoxia | 42 (2) | 21 | 21 (non-VR simulation) | Knowledge assessment, satisfaction |
| Smith et al (2018) [42], USA |
Senior nursing students | Decontamination training | 172 (3) | 59 (immersive VR) 58 (desktop VR) |
55 (traditional education) | Knowledge assessment |
| Tsai et al (2008) [49], China |
Novice nurses | Port-A cath injection | 82 (2) | 42 | 40 (traditional education) | Knowledge assessment |
| Gu et al (2017) [48], China |
Second-year students | Course of fundamental of nursing | 28 (2) | 14 | 14 (traditional education) | Knowledge assessment |
aVR: virtual reality.