Table 1.
Representative applications of disease biomarkers for prediction, diagnosis and prognosis.
| (1) Prediction | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | Disease | Sample | Analytical strategy | Analytical platform | Up-regulated lipids | Down-regulated lipids | Ref. |
| Metabolic syndrome | Type 2 diabetes (T2D) | Plasma | Targeted | UHPLC-MS/MS, shotgun | Cer (d18:0) | – | [105] |
| Serum | Targeted | HPLC-MS/MS | LPI 16:1, PC 34:3, TAG 50:2(16:2), TAG 51:0(17:0), TAG 54:7(22:6) |
PE (18:0p/20:4) | [108] | ||
| Serum | Targeted | GC-MS/MS | – | linoleic acid | [128] | ||
| Cardiovascular disease (CVD) | Plasma | Targeted | UHPLC-MS/MS | Cer(d18:1) | – | [106] | |
| Cancer | Prostate | Serum | Untargeted | UHPLC-MS/MS, GC-MS | – | GPs, choline, FFAs | [103] |
| Colorectal | Serum | Targeted | HPLC-MS/MS | PC (30:0) | LPC (18:0) | [101] | |
| Breast |
Serum |
Targeted |
HPLC-MS/MS |
PC (30:0) |
LPC (18:0) |
[101] |
|
| (2) Diagnosis and classification | |||||||
| Metabolic syndrome | T2D | Serum | Pseudo-targeted | UHPLC-MS/MS | TGs, DGs, PEs, LPEs | HexCers, PE-Os, PC-Os, LPC-Os | [97] |
| Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) | Tissue, plasma, urine | Targeted | LC-MS/MS, GC-MS | SPs | GPs | [129] | |
| Neurological disorder | Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | Plasma | Untargeted | UHPLC-MS/MS | – | CEs | [112] |
| Tissue, serum | Targeted | HPLC-MS/MS | SMs | – | [113] | ||
| Cancer | Breast | Tissue | Untargeted | UHPLC-MS | PCs, PEs, PIs, SM, Cer | TAGs | [130] |
| Kidney | Plasma | Untargeted | UHPLC-MS/MS | Saturated C12–C16 FFAs, TAGs | – | [[131], [132], [133]] | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) | Tissue, cell | Untargeted | HPLC-MS/MS | – | C16:0-containing GPs | [100] | |
| Prostate | Tissue | Untargeted | UHPLC-MS/MS | CEs | – | [104] | |
| Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | Tissue | Targeted | Shotgun | PI (38:2), PI (38:3), PI (40:3) |
SM (40:1), SM (42:1), SM (36:1) | [102] | |
| Viral disease |
Lassa |
Serum |
Untargeted |
HPLC-MS |
– |
PAFs |
[134] |
| (3) Prognosis evaluation | |||||||
| Metabolic syndrome | CVD | Plasma, serum | Targeted | UHPLC-MS/MS | Cer, PCs | – | [116] |
| Neurological disorder | Stroke | Plasma | Untargeted | LC-MS | – | LPC (20:4) | [135] |
| Cancer | Breast | Tissue | Untargeted | UHPLC-MS/MS | PC(30:0), PC (32:0), PC (32:1), PC (32:2) | – | [130] |
| Kidney | Serum | Untargeted | Shotgun | MAG (16:0) | DAG (32:0), DAG (36:0) | [114] | |
| Prostate | Plasma | Untargeted | LC-MS/MS | Cer(d18:1/24:1), SM(d18:2/16:0), PC(16:0/16:0) | – | [115] | |
| Ovarian | Plasma | Untargeted | UHPLC-MS | – | LPG(20:5) | [136] | |
| Viral disease | Ebola virus disease (EVD) | Plasma | Untargeted | UHPLC-MS/MS | PG(18:1/22:6) | PI(18:0/20:4), Cer(d18:0/24:0), LPC(20:0) | [117] |